沥青路面结构设计的低成本structural Design of Asphalt Pavement for Low Cost
农村道路
Rural Roads
structural Design of Asphalt Pavement for Low Cost Rural Roads
In developing countries ，rural road construction is mostly cumbered by shortage of funds. Engineers concerns most in rural areas is how to build roads which not only cost less but also meet the traffic demands. Especially in vast rural areas of China, there are a great variety of transportation patterns, and the traffic composition is very complex. Compared with other countries ，the traffic composition in China rural areas have its own features. Therefore ，there is no experience about the rural roads construction for reference. In recent years ，the central government of China has incread the strength for rural road construction. At the same time ，a lot of rearches about rural road construction have been done by rearchers in China, and some conclusions about china rural roads have been made. In the authors' opinion ，the lection of the pavement structure material is the key measure to reduce the construction cost of rural roads after the route has been determined. Compared with concrete pavement ，asphalt pavement relatively costs less and is the first choice for r
ural roads in China. And then ，according to the rearch achievements about rural roads construction ，the authors have done some preliminary rearches on the structure design for low-cost asphalt pavements for rural roads.
难忘1 Traffic Composition of Rural Road
Rural roads include county roads ，town roads and village roads.
The traffic on rural roads is usually mixed. On a county road, traffic volume is between 300 to 1500 veh/d in average ，and in a county with a developed economy ，it reaches 1000 to 2 000 veh/d. The traffic volume between county and town is 100 to 300 veh/d ，and the traffic volume between towns is usually less than 100 to 300 veh/d. In a mixed traffic flow ，trucks account for 40% to 70% of the traffic volume, which are mainly light trucks carrying less than 2. 5 tons(including agricultural vehicles such as electro-tricycles ，walking tractors etc.)and medium-size trucks of 2. 5 to 5 tons. Most of the light or medium trucks are overloaded. The proportion of heavy truck is less than 9%.On some roads to counties ，the proportion of overloaded trucks is 5% to 32 %，while on some county roads connecting to national or provincial trunk highways ，the proportion of overloaded vehicles usually amounts to 20% to 32% .
The traffic volume on rural roads is not heavy. However ，considering the practical situation in China, as well as the exitence of overloaded vehicles ，100kN ，or BZZ-100 was adopted as standard axle load in the rearch.
The pavement deflection or the flexural-tensile stress at the bottom of asphalt surface is taken as the design parameter. The axle load was calculated in
accordance with the following formula:
4.3512(/)s i s i
N C C P P N = 和-the axle weight of an i-level axle in kN and the action frequency;
-the axle weight of standard axle in 100 kN and the action frequency;
If the distance between axles is less than 3 m ， axle loads are calculated as
a double-axle or multi-axle loads ，and白羊座星座
()11 1.21C M =+-
If the flexural-tensile stress at the bottom of mi-rigid ba is taken as the design parameter, the axle load is calculated in accordance with the following formula:
''212(/)s i s i
N C C P P N = If the distance between axles is less than 3m ，
()11 1.21C M =+-
2 Traffic Volume on Rural Roads
Minibus are adopted as the standard vehicle for the design of rural roads. Table 1 shows its external dimensions.
返乡记事Table 1 External dimensions of the pasnger car m
Length Width Height Front overhang Distance between axles Rear overhang道家学说
6.0 1.8 2.0 0.8 3.8 1.4
The typical vehicle types on rural roads are listed in Table 2. And others such as non-power-driven v
ehicles ，animal-drawn vehicles ，and bicycles can be taken into account in the calculation of traffic volume on rural roads ，in view of their roadside interference.
In accordance with the traffic composition and volumes ，rural roads are divided into five grades. The traffic volume of each grade is shown in Table 3.
Traffic volume specified in Table 3 was obtained by taking the minibus as the standard vehicle type,and converting different types vehicles according to the vehicle conversion coefficients given in Table 2.In Table 3，
()[]ηγγ11365-+=t s e N N
Ne refers to the cumulative equivalent axle load action frequency;
Ns refers to the equivalent axle load action frequency in the designed traffic lane in the beginning operation period of rural roads;
y refers to the average annual growth rate of traffic volume;
η refers to lane coefficient, and 1.0 for a single lane and 0. 6一0. 7 for a dual lane.
3 Strength of Roadbed
The modulus of resilience of roadbed varies greatly. For convenience ，the strength of roadbed can be divided into four class according to its moisture content and modulus of resilience ，as shown in Table 4.
The parameters in Table 5 are determined by combining design principles with practical experience. By applying elastic multilayer theory to the pavement structure specified in Table 5，the influence of Ne on the pavement thickness of rural roads was analyzed ，and the result show that for given h ，h2，E0，the roadba thickness for neighboring traffic class changes in a range of 4-5 cm. This result indicates that the classification of traffic volume on rural roads shown in Table 3 is reasonable and feasible in terms of the design and construction of asphalt pavement structures.
By using the elastic multilayer theory ，the asphalt pavement structure of ordinary rural road in Table 5 is analyzed. When Ne ，the cumulative equivalent axle load action frequency ，the thickness of road surface(h =3 cm)，and the thickness of subba(h2 = 20 cm ) remain the same , the influence of neighboring roadbed strength classifications on the thickness of roadba is 3 cm 一5 cm. This conclusion indicates that the strength classification of roadbed is reasonable and applicable
雀巢淡奶油打发
to the design and construction of asphalt pavement structure.
4 Determination of Thickness of Asphalt Pavement Structure
Sensitivity analysis of the design parameters of roadbed and pavement structures is to find out the relationship between structural strength of asphalt pavement structure and the design parameters of each layer, and determine the most nsitive layer in the pavement structure. The asphalt pavement structure of rural roads is generally compod of a road surface, a roadba，and a subba，as shown in Table 6. The pavement structure was analyzed according to elastic multiplayer theory under the double circular uniform load，with an assumption that there is continuous contact between the adjacent layers of the asphalt pavement structure. The basic parameters ud in the calculation and analysis of asphalt pavement structure are listed in Table 7. By analyzing the effects of the change of all the parameters of pavement structure on the distortion of the road surface，roadba，and roadbed , the following conclusions have been drawn.
金山管家(1)Increasing the thickness of the road surface effectively decreas the road surface deflection，but rais the cost. The comparatively economical and effective method is to increa the thickness of the subba, which is superior to increasing the thickness of roadba，while increasing the thickness of the road surface is the last choice.
(2)As the thickness of pavement structure increas，the change of road surface deflection will trend to be gentle. When the thickness of road surface reaches a certain value，the variance in the road surface deflection will not be obvious，and then it is ineffective to enhance the bearing capacity of asphalt pavement structure by increasing the thickness of road surface. It is recommended that the thickness of the roadba and the subba should be equal to or larger
than 18 and 20 cm, respectively，in design of asphalt pavement structures of rural roads. Fig. 1 shows the effects of the changes in the thickness of each layer on road surface deflection.
(3)Road surface deflection is very nsitive to the change of modulus of the roadbed. The increa in the modulus of roadba or subba is also effective to decrea the deflection of the road surface. On the other hand，the deflection of the road surface decreas gradually when the modulus of the surface increas，being the least effective factor. When the modulus of the road surface increas to a certain value，decrea in road surface deflection is not apparent. Fig. 2 shows the effect of the modulus of each layer on road surface deflection. From the above discussion，we conclude that the most nsitive layer for road surface deflection is subba，and the next is roadba. To decrea the road surface deflection of low-cost rural roads，the strength and stability of the roadbed should be enhanced, and the materials with a certain thickness and relati
vely high density should be ud to pave the subba.
The traffic volume or the accumulative equivalent axle load action times(frequency)within the designed life of road is ud to determine the type and thickness of the asphalt pavement road surface, and the results are listed in Table 8，where veh/d means the number of the equivalent the pasnger cars per day.
For a low traffic volume rural road with Ne 500 000，graded broken stones(or gravel)can be ud as a flexible ba. The flexible ba has good strength and effectively prevents reflection cracks of the asphalt pavement road surface, provided the graded broken stones(or gravel ) meets the requirements for high density(degree of compaction ,100%. To ensure the sufficient strength and stability of the flexible ba，its thickness is not less than 15 cm，the thickness of the aggregate subba is not less than 20 cm，
A mi-rigid ba usually has a good bearing capacity For the rural roads with Ne)500 000，or tho with low traffic volumes but relatively,the minimum thickness of mirigid ba or subba is
16-18 cm
5 Calculation of the Thickness of Road Surface
5.1 Deflection
(1)Road surface deflection
Road surface deflection is a vertical distortion caud by vertical load on the road surface. It not only reflects the whole strength and stiffness of asphalt pavement structure and roadbed ，but also has a clo internal relation with the rvice condition of the pavement.
(2)Design deflection
The design deflection is the index reprenting the stiffness of the pavement structure. It is also the deflection of the pavement which is established according to the accumulative equivalent axle load estimated to pass over a lane in the expected design life, road types, road classification ，and the types of road surface and roadba. The design deflection is not only the main basis for the design thickness of the pavement structure ，but also the necessary index for the examination and acceptance of the project. Through theoretical analysis and experimental study ，formulas for the design deflection value which are applicable to the pavement structure design of lowcost rural roads are as follows:
mi-rigid ba:
2
629d s e L A N -=
flexible ba: 0.21134d s e L A N -=
水蚤养殖where A, is the type coefficient of the road surface. The type coefficient of asphalt concrete road surface is 1.0;that of hot-mix asphalt macadam and that of emulsified asphalt macadam road surface are all 1. 1; and that of asphalt surface treatment road surface is1 .2.
(3)Allowable deflection
Allowable deflection is the maximum deflection
allowed at the end of the road's rvice life under lim-
iting conditions in poor ason. Through thoretical
analysis and experimental study ，the calculation for-
mulas for the allowable deflection of road surface
which are applicable to the pavement structure design
of low-cost rural roads are as follows}2}:
0.2786d s e L A N -=
0.21418d s e L A N -=
When designing the asphalt pavement structure of low-cost rural roads, we should u formula
(6) or (7 ) according to the types of roadba to determine the thickness of asphalt pavement structure.
5.2 Tensile stress
尾巴英文Becau the asphalt pavement structure of lowcost rural roads is not substantial enough and the heavy vehicles are allowed to pass over them, the maximum tensile stress should be checked by computing the stress of the mi-rigid ba and subba. The tensile stress at the bottom of mi-rigid ba or subba ，would be less than or equivalent to the allowable tensile stress of the
