Unit2跨文化交际
Unit 2
Culture and Communication
那是一道风景作文What is culture?
“文化”是一个广泛的概念，它的内涵很丰富。
在英语中,“culture”一词是一个难以解释的词，它最早来源于古法语cultura, 拉丁语colere和德语“kultur”，原指土地的开垦及植物的栽培；后来随着人类生存空间和生存方式的改变逐渐扩延，转而意指人的身体、精神，特别是指艺术和道德能力和天赋的培养；进而泛指人类社会在征服自然和自我发展中创造的物质财富和精神财富，包括饮食、器具、舟车、房屋、社会组织、政治制度、风俗习惯、语言、学术思想等。
More than 500 definitions up to the prent
(Refer to p. 40 for some of the well-known ones)
First definition: E. B. Tylor (1871) in Primitive Culture: “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society.”
文化是一种复合的整体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及人们作为社会成员而获得的能力与习惯
Broadly speaking, it means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language.
In a narrow n, it refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, and language. Define culture from different perspectives
From Intellectual Perspective
From Anthropologic Perspective
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From Social Perspective
From Psychological Perspective
From Intercultural Communication Perspective
From Intellectual Perspective
滥砍滥伐According to the Conci Oxford Dictionary, culture is "the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively".
It refers to intellectual perspective, such as music, art, exhibition, dance, etc. When you talk about Picasso, Beethoven, etc., you are talking about culture.
From Anthropologic Perspective
Culture is "the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or people." This is an anthropologist's definition.
From Social Perspective
Culture is what a society does and thinks.
好看动漫壁纸Culture covers everything of a society.
From Psychological Perspective
Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.
From Intercultural Communication Perspective
Culture is a learned t of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.
Culture Is Learned
cad云线We learn culture from __parents__, ____teachers____ friends ___,_other family
members_____,_ and even strangers who are part of the culture_.
Culture Is a Set of Shared Interpretations
All communications take place by means of symbols
Culture Involves Beliefs, Values, and Norms
a. Beliefs
Beliefs refer to the basic understanding of a group of people about what the world is like or what is true or fal.
地球上最后一个人b. Values
Values involve what a culture regarded as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.
c. Norms
Norms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of others
Norms in the army: Salutes
Norms in different fields：
Culture Affects Behaviors
Culture Involves Large Groups of People
Three Things Culture Does
p46-48 (lf-study)
Culture ranks what is important
Culture furnishes attitudes
Culture dictates how to behave
Culture ranks what is important
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Different cultures have their own value orientation and what is important in one culture may be virtually meaningless to another.
Culture ranks what is important. In other words, cultures teach values or priorities.
Values underlie attitudes. They also shape beliefs.
Within a culture, values may be of greater or lesr importance.
Culture furnishes attitudes
An attitude is learned, and it is a tendency to respond the same way to the same object or situation or idea.
冰箱使用寿命最多几年Attitudes can change, although change can be difficult. Attitudes are bad on beliefs as well as values.
Beliefs are convictions or certainties bad on subjective and often personal ideas rather than on proof or facts. Belief systems or religions are powerful sources of values and attit
udes in cultures.
Culture dictates how to behave
Behavior comes directly from the attitudes about how significant something is --- how it is valued.
Attitudes vary according to how important something is reckoned to be (value).
Values drive actions.
1.3 Classification of Culture
One of the most popular classification of culture:
high culture: philosophy, literature, fine arts, music, religion etc.
popular culture: customs and habits, rites and rituals, ways of living (housing, dressing, eating and drinking) and all interpersonal behavior.
