English Lexicology(英语词汇学)
Lexicology: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.
Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary
Word: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a ntence
Sound and meaning: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itlf”
Sound and form:不统一的四个原因
（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a parate letter to reprent each other
（2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years
（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes
（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary
投标函附录词汇Vocabulary: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary
词语分类Classification of English Words：
1.By u frequency: basic word stock & non basic vocabulary
基本词汇的特征:
等一个人
1)All-National character（全民通用性most important） 2)Stability
3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polymy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性）
没有上述特征的词:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words (6) Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms 若隐若现
2.By notion: content words实词 & functional words虚词
3.By origin: native words & borrowed words垃圾分类方案
Native words（本族语词）: Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in u
Borrowed words/Loan words: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)
1) denizens(同化词，融入英语): (shirt from skyrta(ON))
2) aliens（非同化词/外来词，可以看出源头）: kowtow
3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语 long time no e / tofu
4) mantic loans（借义词）：they are not borrowed with reference to the form,but their meanings are borrowed pioneer本指开拓者，先引申为先锋。
板载网卡Chapter 2 the development of the English Vocabulary
印欧语系The Indo-European Language Family
The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages（8大印欧语群）
The Eastern t:
(1)The Balto-slavic Group（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czech etc.
(2)The Indo-Iranian Group（印度-伊朗语族）：Hindi,Bengali,Persian etc.
(3)The Armenian Group（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian.
(4)The Albanian Group（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian.
The Western t:
(5)The Hellenic Group（古希腊语族）：Greek.
(6)The Italian Group（意大利语族）：Latin ,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portugue,Romanian) etc.
(7)The Celtic Group（凯尔特语族）：Irish,Welsh,Breton etc.
(8)The Germanic Group（日耳曼语族）：
Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc.
三个发展阶段The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:
1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000): was I high inflected language.
2 Middle English (1150-1500): retaines much fewer inflections （1066法国开始入侵英国）
3 Modern English (1500-up to now) 始于印刷术
英语外来元素Foreign elements：
Latin （war and agriculture/罗马人把基督教带到英国church terms）
话剧
Greek (science/sports/medicine/politics)
French(government and administration/feudalism/religion/morality)
Scandinavian 纳维亚人（nouns、pronouns/birds/a）
Minor elements：Italian、German、Dutch、Spanish and Portugue、Celtic
词汇的发展模式Modes of Vocabulary Development:
1) 创造新词creation：the formation of new words by using the existing.
2) 旧词新义mantic change: create many more new uages of the words.
雷锋纪念日3) 借用外来词 borrowing: constitute merely 6 to 7 percent of all new words
Chapter 3 Word Formation I
词素Morpheme: the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words
词素变体Allomorph: is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaning
词素的分类Type of Morpheme
（1）Free Morphemes: A free morpheme is one that can stand by itlf. (independent).
（2）Bound Morpheme个人未来发展规划: A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itlf.
Free Morpheme =free root
Morpheme(词素)
Bound root prefix
bound derivational派生 suffix
affix
inflectional 曲折
判断题：
affix must be bound morphemes√
不是所有的词都需要自由词素√ per-ceive trans-late re-mit
大部分词语是派生的√
词根和词干
A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.
