违反合作原则产生的特殊会话含义的具体事例
合作原则共包含四大准则，其下又分为若干小则，格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。
合作原则 Cooperative Principle
转眼歌词 （一）量的准则 Maxim of Quantity
名人传(1)所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpo of the exchange；
(2)所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
For example,
1. Earl: I just want to look nice for my son when he comes in.
Max: What? I am going to meet your kid?
Earl: Well, one of them.
Max:“One of them?” How many do you have?
Earl: So far?
Max: Oh, Earl, I love you.
Earl: This is my son, Darius. He is the No.1 Chrysler salesman in all of Detroit. And he is my very favorite if he is the one I’接球m thinking of.
中介是什么意思(From Bankruptcy Sisters)
Analyze: This is a scene of Bankruptcy Sisters快乐学习, Earl only told he dresd so decently to meet his son, but didn’t say clearly if Max would meet his son together, that`s why Max felt puzzled and asked him how many of his sons; then Earl answered“So far?” , until the last ntence he did tell the purpo for meeting his son and add another unnecessary m
essage “ if he is the one I’m thinking of.” Becau of the hiatus or the redundancy of their conversation, makes the audiences fall into a reverie and ts a humorous comedy atmosphere.
2. Caroline: Oh my God! Is he your father?
Max: Yes, he is my father. And my mother is a piece of chalk.
(From Bankruptcy Sisters)
Analyze: This is a conversation between Caroline and Max. Caroline asked if the man came into the cafe was Max’s father, Max answer “Yes” but add one more ntence “And my mother is piece of chalk.” which indicated the man was not Max ‘s father at all. Obviously, though this situation is typical message redundancy, it helps the listeners to understand the speaker’s real meaning and humor.
3.柳小姐之夫：老婆，请问一下你会不会打我？
友谊新天地
柳小姐：我干嘛要打你啊？你又没做错事。如果我要真的打你的话，一定就是你做错事了。从现在开始，你只许疼我一个人，要宠我，不能骗我，答应我的每一件事情都要做到，对我讲的每一句话都要真心，不许欺负我、骂我，要相信我。别人欺负我，你要在第一时间出来帮我，我开心呢，你要陪着我开心；我不开心呢，你要哄我开心。永远觉得我是最漂亮的，梦里面也要见到我，在你的心里只有我！就是这样喽！（出自电影《河东狮吼》）
Analyze: In this conversation, Mrs.Liu had obeyed the maxim of quantity, the content of her answer was over the question requests. However, the extra message of her answer shows the true requirements of Mr.Liu, also makes the audiences realize Mrs.Liu’s personality.
4. A tourist hailed a bus at a request stop and asked the conductor, “What’s the fare to Regent’s Park?”
“5 pence,” said the conductor.
The tourist didn’t get on the bus, but instead ran along behind it after it pulled away. As he met the bus again at the next stop, he panted, “What’s the fare to Regent’s Park now?”
“10 pence,” said the conductor, “You’re running the wrong way.”
Analyze: In this funny story, the tourist was a niggard, tried to save money by running after bus and shorting the distance to his destination. At first, he asked the fare to his destination and was told “5 pence”; but after he ran tired out and asked again, then was told the fare had rin and he ran the wrong direction of his destination. It’s ascribed to the first time, the conductor did not tell details to the tourist, brought a misunderstanding to the tourist and the readers: as the tourist ran more that he could saved more money. Hence, the hiatus of the conversation makes a misunderstanding, the conductor obeyed the maxim of quantity, deceived the stingy tourist by omitting necessary information advidly.
5. Liz: Jon, there’s something important I need to ask you. Something that I wouldn’t ask
most guys who come in here.
Jon: Wait, no! I think I know where this is going.
Liz: You do?
Jon: I do. Liz, I’ve wanted to ask you the same thing for a very long time.
Liz: Are you sure that we女兵条件’re talking about the same thing?
Jon: Absolutely. Yeah, uh, I’ve never been more sure of anything in my entire life.
Jon: Liz, I am ready to take a chance. I am
Liz: Thank you.
Jon: A dog! A dog! I’m ready for a dog.
(from movie GarfieldⅠ)
Analyze: In above conversation, Liz only said she had something to ask Jon but didn’t clear the details of it. And Jon was impatient to listen till the end, and then said he knew the content of that “something”. Until Liz held a dog needed to be adopted came out, Jon realized he had misunderstood. Apparently, Jon didn’静夜思古诗带拼音t get enough information from Liz, so he misunderstood her and violated the maxim of quantity accidentally, which makes this talk dramatically.
