1. the definition of a word compris the following points:
(1)a minimal free form of a lg(2)a sound unity(3)a unity of meaning(4)a form that can function alone in a ntence
a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
2. the relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary(there is no logical relationship between them) and conventional.
3. 读音与拼写不一致的原因
(1) The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a parate letter to reprent each sound in the lg so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.
(2) The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cas the two have draw far apart.
(3) Some of the differences were created by the early scribes
(4) Borrowing is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary
4. 词汇的分类
By u frequency (basic word stock、nonbasic vocabulary)
By notion (content words、functional words)
By origin (native words、borrowed words)
5. basic word stock 的特点：1.all national character 2.stability 3.productivity 4.llocability
6. 四类外来词汇
鸡蛋仔冰淇淋
Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English lg.
Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.
Translation-loans are words and expressions from the existing material in the English lg but modeled on the patterns taken from another lg.
Semantic-loans are not borrowed with reference to the form, but their meanings are borrowed
京剧艺术
7. 摇篮曲吉他谱The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the lg. thought they constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important part of it.
8. The Indo-European is made up of most of the lg of European, the Near East, the India.
9. 高超声速飞行器Old English: it has a vocabulary of about 5000 to 6000 words. It was a highly inflected lg just like modern German. Therefore, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs had complex endings or vowel changes, or both, which differ greatly from the lg that we u today.
10. Middle English: it retained much fewer inflections. Endings of nouns and adjectives marking distinction of number, ca and often of gender lost their distinctive forms. The same is true of the verb. If we say that Old English was a lg of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings
11. Modern English: word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions.
12. There are 3 main sources of new words:(1)the rapid development of modern science and technology(2)social, economic and political changes(3)the influence of other cultures and lg.
(Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vb.)
13. modern English vb develops through three channels: creation, mantic change and borrowing
咆哮的近义词14. Creation is the most important way of vb expansion
最新军事报道15. Semantic change, this does not increa the number of word forms but create many more new usage of words, thus enriching the vb
16. Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vb, particularly in earlier times.
17. All the words in a lg make up its vb. The term ”vocabulary” is ud in different ns. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a lg, but it can stand for all the words ud in a particular historical period. We also u it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possd by an individual person.
18. What is true for the basic word stock is also true of native word, and native words have two other features: neutral in style, frequent in u.
19. The morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.子女抚养
20. Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in
a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorph.
21. A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyd without total loss of identity. A stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
22. The expansion of vb in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion.
23. 陕西的美食affixation is the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclass: prefixation and suffixation.
