Unit2 A
America is experiencing a major epidemic
today.
现今美国正在经历一场重要的流行病。
Unlike epidemics of the past, it is not a dia transmitted by bacteria or virus.不同于过去的流行病，它不是由细菌或病毒传染的疾病。水龙头漏水怎么修
This epidemic is an increa in dias and problems related to stress, and it touches all of our lives.这个流行病的增加是与压力有关的疾病和问题引起的，它涉及我们生活的方方面面。
In 1900 t he average life expectancy in this country was 47, and the major killer dias included tuberculosis pneumonia,influenza, cholera, typhoid, and smallpox ——infectious dias which struck people of all ages, regardless of their lifestyle.1900年，这个国家的平均预期寿命为47岁，其主要致命疾病包括肺结核肺炎，流行性
感冒，霍乱，伤寒，天花-这些传染性疾病
袭击了所有年龄层的人，不管他们的生活
方式怎样。
Today,on the other hand,life expectancy荣耀是华为吗
has been extended to 74, thanks in large part to the conquest of the acute infectious dia through improved sanitation, better distribution and storage of foods, and the introduction of immunization and antibiotics.如今，在另一方面，预期寿命已延长至74岁，这在很大程度上是由于对于急性传染病的征服，通过改善卫生条件，更好地分配和储存食物，以及引进免疫方法和抗生素。
People today are dying of different dias
than they did at the turn of the 20th century, and the principal caus of death today are heart dia, stroke, cancer, cirrhosis of the liver, and diabetes.当今人们死于的疾病与20世纪初不同，现在死亡的主要原因是心脏病，中风，癌症，肝硬化，糖尿病等。
The noninfectious,chronic dias have been shown to be directly related to the way we live, and one of the dominant factors in their development is stress——an element of modern life which is taking an increasing toll on our physical and mental well-being.这些非传染性，慢性疾病已被证明是
与我们的生活方式有直接联系的，使其发展的主要因素之一是压力——这一现代生活元素，正对我们的身体和精神健康造成越来越严重的危害。
Technically speaking, stress is a physiological state of the body, a state of arousal in respon to a perceived danger or threat.从技术上来说，压力是机体对感知到的危险或威胁反应而表现的一种生理性兴奋状态。
We are all familiar with the physical signs and
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symptoms of the stress state.
我们都熟悉压力状态下的身体信号和症状。
Think about how you felt that last time you had to swerve to avoid a collision which driving: your heart raced, your palms became sweaty, your muscles tend, and your stomach knotted.想想你上一次在驾驶时突然转向以避免碰撞是何感觉：你的心狂跳起来，你的手掌变得多汗，你的肌肉紧张，而你的心也揪在一起了。
Such a combination of nsations is the result of a complex physical chain reaction which occurs in your body in respon to a threat.这种感觉的结合是一个复杂的身体连锁反应的结果，出现在你的身
体对威胁做出反应的时候。
The changes are universal and predictable, and they happen to everyone.这些变化是普遍的并且可以预见的，可以发生在每一个人身上。
Our prehistoric ancestors, upon encountering a dangerous animal in the wild, would have felt exactly the same respon as their bodies switched into a stress-induced “high-gear” to deal with the emergency.我们的史前祖先，一旦在野外意外地遇见危险动物，就会感受到完全一样的反应，当他们的身体转入一种紧张引起的“高速挡”，以应对紧急状况。
Physiologist Walter Cannon, back in the 1920s, labeled this reaction the fight-or-flight respon.生理学家沃尔特坎农，追溯到20世纪20年代，把这种反应称为打或逃跑反应。
As the term implies, the original purpo of the fight-or-flight respon was to prepare the body to respond either by fighting the enemy, or by fleeing.这个术语暗示，战或逃跑反应的最初目的是准备让身体作出反应，要么对抗敌人，要么逃离。
Whether the primitive hunter succeeded in
killing the mountain lion or in running away from it, the result was the same: once the threat was reso
lved, the body could relax, eventually returning to its normal baline functioning.无论是成功杀死美洲狮或远离它的原始猎人，其结果是一样的：一旦威胁得到解决，身体能放松，最终恢复到自身正常的基础运作状态。
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Interestingly enough,situations which provoke the fight-or-flight respon are not necessarily unpleasant ones.非常有趣的是，引起战或逃跑反应的情况发生并不必然是不愉快的。
Pleasant experiences, if they are sufficiently inten, can produce the same combination of physiological symptoms.愉快的经验，如果它们足够的强烈，可以产生相同组合的生理症状。隔离霜和防晒霜的区别
When your boss tells you that he’s recommended you for a promotion, you are
most likely experiencing some of the same physiological respons that you experience when you swerve to avoid a traffic accident: sweaty palms, racing heart, changes in breathing.当你的老板告诉你，他已经推荐你晋升，你是最有可能体验到一些与当你拐弯去避免一宗交通意外所产生的相同的生理反应：手心出汗，心跳加速，呼吸的变化。
Pleasant or unpleasant,it’s the intensity of the experience that produces the stress.愉快或不愉快的，取决于产生压力的感觉的强度。
Dr. Hans Selye, an endocrinologist who ground-breaking rearch was a major contribution to our understanding of stress, defined stress as the nonspecific or general respon of the body to any demand made upon it to readjust.
汉斯薛利医生，一名内分泌学家，其开创性研究在我们对压力的理解上是一个重大的贡献，把压力定义为身体根据它的任何需要作出重新调整的非特异性或一般应激
反应。
Selye emphasized that stress is not
necessarily something to be avoided.
薛利强调，压力是不可避免的。
It is a natural part of our lives; any normal activity, pleasant or unpleasant, produces some degree of stress.它是我们生命自然的一部分，任何正常活动，愉快或不愉快，都会产生一些程度的压力。
As Selye said “The abnce of stress is death.”正如薛利说的：“没有压力是死亡。
Just as stress prepared primitive man to confront the fight with his enemy or to run away, so in modern life it helps the athlete to achieve peak performance or the executive to meet impossible deadlines.“正像原始人因压力做好面对敌人是斗争或是逃跑的准备一样，在现代生活中它也可以帮助运动员达到最佳表现或主管人员处理不可能的最后期限。
Under such circumstances, stress can be a
very uful respon, contributing to heightened achievement and a greater n of personal satisfaction.在这种情况下，压力可以是一个非常有用的反应，有助于提高成绩和个人满足感。
When stress is associated with such a positive experience, Selye called it eustress (something also called prostress); when it becomes unpleasant or damaging, it is called distress.当这种压力是与一种积极的经验有联系时，薛利称之为好的压力（也被称为积极压力），当它变得不愉快或具破坏性时，它被称为
不好的压力。
Events that provoke stress are known
asstressors.伊雅格
引起压力的事件被称为压力源。
It’s easy to identify many such triggers of stress in our daily lives.在我们的日常生活中，识别许多这样的压力源是容易的。
Some sources of stress can be classified as environmental: weather changes, temperature, noi, air pollution, crowding, and uncomfortable living or work space can all have an influence on your stress level.有些压力源同环境一样可被归类为：天气变化，温度，噪音，空气污染，拥挤和不舒服的生活或工作空间，都可以对你的压力水平造成影响。
A major source of stress in our modern
world is change; more than ever before in history we are forced constantly to adapt to rapid change in many important aspects of our lives——changing values, family structure, and x roles, the decline of religious faith, and the changing nature of work.在我们现代世界的一个主要压力来源是变化，我们比过去任何时候更加被迫地去不断适应生活中许多重要方面的快速变化——价值观改变，家庭结构，性别角色，宗教信仰的减弱，和工作性质的变化。
Interpersonal stressors emerge from your relationships with other people——your boss, your fellow
workers, your family and friends.人际关系的压力源来自你同别人的交往中——你的老板，你的同事，你的家人和朋友们。
And a significant source of stress in many of our lives today is work stressors——the structure of your employer’s organization, your position within it, your interaction with other people, and your feelings about job are all factors that can contribute to raising your overall stress level.
今天我们生活中很明显的一个压力源来自工作——你所在单位的机构组成，你在其
中的职位，你与其他人互动，你对工作的感受都是能提高你的总体压力水平的因素。
You may have notice that many of the
stressors we have been describing don’t actually reprent threats to your physical survival.你可能已经注意到许多我们描述的压力源事实上并不代表会威胁你的身体生存。
Rather, they are psychological or social in
nature.
相反地，它们本质上是心理或社会性质的。
Imagined threats to your ll-esteem or curity can arou the fight-or-flight respon just as readily as an attacking mountain lion or an oncoming car.想象你的自尊或安全的威胁会激发战或逃反应，就像面对攻击性的美洲狮或迎面而来的汽车反应一样。
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Moreover, our psychological and emotional reactions to stressful situation, such as anxiety or guilt, can actually become potent stressors in their own right.此外，我们心理上和情绪上对有应激情况的反应，比如焦虑或内疚，实际上可以凭借它们本身的能力成为强大的压力源。
What arou a high level of stress in one person may not be perceived as threatening to another, for our individual perception of the stressor is what ultimately makes the situation stressful or not.能激起一个人高水平的压力的（事件）可能不被视为能对另一个人构成威胁，因为我们个人对压力的感觉，最终决定了是否产生压力感
We are all different in our biochemical make-up, physical strength, psychological and emotional characteristics, values, attitudes, habits, and social roles.我们在我们的生化结构，体力，心理和情感特征，价值观，态度，习惯和社会角色上都是不一样的。
And all the factors influence our interpretation of events and, therefore, the way we respond physically and psychologically to them.而所有这些因素影响我们对事件的理解，因此，也决定了我们
对他们作出的生理和心理上的反应。
As a primitive survival mechanism, the fight-or flight respon rved our ancestors well as a means of mobilizing the body’s defens in times of emergency.作为一种原始的生存机制，战或逃跑反应为我们祖先在紧急情况下及时动员身体防御服务很好。
Why, then, has stress become such a problem in modern life?为什么，随后，在现代生活中压力会变成一个难题呢？
In the ca of the primitive hunter, once the danger had been dealt with by fighting or fleeing, the problem was resolved and the stress was relieved.就原始猎人来说，一旦通过战或逃跑使危险得到了处理，问题解决了，压力才会被缓解。
However,if we look around us today, we notice that the options of fighting or fleeing are rarely appropriate in our modern world.但是，今天如果我们回过头来看今天，我们注意到当今现代社会战或逃跑的选择很少是合适的。
For example,if you have an argument with your boss, you may feel all the symptoms of
stress – but you can’t relieve your stress by striking out at him, nor would it do to run away.例如，如
果你和你的老板发生争论，你可能会感到压力所有的症状- 但你不能通过揍他一顿来减轻你的压力，也不会逃跑。
And so the level of anger and arousal persists
in the abnce of a socially acceptable outlet, and at the end of the confrontation you still feel as if you want to fight someone or run away.所以气愤和激发的兴奋状态在现实社会中缺乏得到合理的发泄途径，最后你仍觉得好像你想和人打架或逃跑。
The fight-or flight respon has now become an internalized feeling that you carry about with you, like a ticking time bomb.战或逃跑反应现在已经变成了随时随地的一种内在感觉，就像你随身携带一个开始倒计时的定时炸弹。
If the fight-or flight respon is activated without being ud to its intended purpo, it can become a major source of distress.如果战或逃跑反应没有被用于其预期目标的激活，它可以成为不好的压力的主要来源。
If it is fired off too often, or persists too long,
the body will remain in a state of continual alarm or mobilization，and the potent hormones relead
in the stress respon can actually damage the body’s vital organs, nervous system, and immune mechanisms.如果它被激发过于频繁，或持续时间过长，身体会留在一个不断报警或调节的状态，压力反应中大量释放的激素实际上可以破坏人体的重要器官，神经系统，和免疫系统。男士衣服
Ironically, it appears that the stress respon, which was a vital survival mechanism for our remote ancestors, may in fact be killing us today.讽刺的是，它似乎是我们的远古祖先生存的重要机制的应激反应，实际上现今可能杀死我们。
Before it kills us in the end, stress can make us fat.在它最终杀死我们之前，压力可以使我们发胖。
Unit3a
Antibiotics are nonrenewable resources.抗生素是不可再生的资源。
In the past we have managed to develop new antibiotics to replace tho that had become ineffective, but that has changed now that some bacteria have become resistant to all available drug treatments.在过去，我们设法去开发新的抗生素，以取代那些已变得无效的抗生素，但那种情况已经变了，由于一些细菌对所有可用的药物治疗已具耐药性。
Until recently infections caud by multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which is common
in most hospitals, could be treated using vancomycin.直到最近多重耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）所引起的感染，这是大部分医院常见的感染，可使用万古霉素治疗。
Compared with many other bacteria, S.aureus is a very virulent or aggressive bacterium and can produce life-threatening infections.与许多其他细菌相比，金黄色葡萄球菌是种有剧毒或具有攻击性的细菌，并且能够产生致命的感染。
In Japan and the US, strains resistant to vancomycin have been found, placing a death ntence on patient with the infections.
在日本和美国，对万古霉素抗药的菌株已
