Chine Birds 2010,1(2):83–96DOI 10.5122/cbirds.2010.0002
REVIEW
席上Basal birds from China:a brief review开诚布公什么意思
Dongsheng LI 1,2,Cor win Su LLIVa n 1,Zhonghe ZHOu 1,Fucheng ZHa n G
1,
1
老人机推荐Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates,Institute of V ertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,Chine Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100044,China 2
Graduate School of Chine Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China
a bst ract We u the term “basal birds ”for a relatively small number of primitive fossil birds that fall outside the major clade Ornithothoraces,which includes both modern birds and enantiorni-thines.Eight genera and twelve valid species have been reported from China in the last 15years,whereas Archaeopt
eryx lithographica remains the only basal bird to have been described from non-Chine specimens (although confuciusornithid material is apparently prent in North Korea).Here we brie y review the Chine basal birds and their anatomy,phylogeny and ecology.Chine fossils have contributed extensively to scienti c understanding of early avian evolution,demon-strating collectively that basal birds were generally relatively large and morphologically and eco-logically quite diver.Although some signi cant uncertainties remain,particularly with respect to the relative phylogenetic positions of Jeholornis,Sapeornis and Zhongornis,an increasingly clear picture of the rst stages of avian evolution is emerging from the Chine fossil record.Keywords basal birds,China,anatomy,phylogeny,ecology
Received 28March 2010;accepted 10May 2010Author for correspondence (Fucheng Zhang)
妈妈生日贺卡E-mail:zhangfucheng@ivpp.ac
Introduction
The vast majority of known birds,extant or fossil,fall into the clades Ornithuromorpha and Enantiornithes,which together form the Ornithothoraces.Ornithu-romorpha includes all extant birds and their clo relatives,while Enantiornithes is an exclusively Cre-taceous clade of morphologically
有关茶的诗句primitive taxa.In this paper,we describe as “basal birds ”the relatively small number of even more primitive Mesozoic avians that fall outside Ornithothoraces.Perennial interest in the origin of birds and the early evolution of ight has made basal birds a focus of rearch ac-
感谢相遇
tivity in paleontology ever since 1861when the rst basal bird,A rchaeopteryx lithographica,was discov-ered.After about a century and a half of rearch,the known roster of basal birds includes nine described genera:Archa eopteryx,Jeholor nis,Zhongornis,Sapeornis,Zhongjianornis,Eoconfuciusornis,Con-fuciusornis,Changchengornis and Jinzhouornis.All of the genera other than Archaeopteryx are from China,although a probable confuciusornithid is also known to be from North Korea (Paek and Kim,1996;Gao et al.,2009).The phylogenetic relation-ships of basal birds have been studied for many years (Fig.1).加薪报告
For consistency with the paleontological literature,we number the digits of the basal bird manus as I –III in this paper,rather than II –IV as a scheme of devel-opmental homologies would suggest.
Stratigraphic and geochronological background
All of the Chine basal birds that have so far been
>武汉保卫战简介
