oxford名字的由来
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University of Oxford
I INTRODUCTION
Oxford University , oldest institution of higher learning in the English-speaking world. The university is located in Oxford, England.
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II HISTORY
The town of Oxford was already an important center of learning by the end of the 12th century. Teachers from mainland Europe and other scholars ttled there, and lectures are known to have been delivered by as early as 1117. Sometime in the late 12th century the expulsion of foreigners from the University of Paris (e Paris, Universities of) caud many English scholars to return from France and ttle in Oxford. The students associated together, on the basis of geographical origins, into two “nations,” reprenting the North (including the Scots) and the South (including the Irish and the Welsh). In later centuries, g
eographical origins continued to influence many students' affiliations when membership of an Oxford college or hall became customary. Members of many religious orders, including Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and Augustinians, ttled in Oxford in the mid-13th century, gained influence, and maintained hous for students. At about the same time, private benefactors established colleges to rve as lf-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest were the parents of John Balliol, King of Scotland; their establishment, Balliol College, bears their name. Another founder, Walter de Merton, a chancellor of England and afterwards bishop of Rochester, devid a ries of regulations for college life; Merton College thereby became the model for such establishments at Oxford as well as at the University of Cambridge. Thereafter, an increasing number of students forsook living in halls and religious hous in favor of living at colleges.
性感美女臀部>主题语言The new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onward. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of the Greek language, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the Ref
5个月宝宝奶量ormation and the breaking of ties with Catholicism, the method of teaching at the university was transformed from the medieval Scholastic method to Renaissance education, although institutions associated with the university suffered loss of land and revenues. In 1636 Chancellor William Laud, archbishop of Canterbury, codified the university
statutes; the to a large extent remained the university's governing regulations until the mid-19th century. Laud was also responsible for the granting of a charter curing privileges for the university press, and he made significant contributions to the Bodleian Library, the main library of the university.
The university was a center of the Royalist Party during the English Civil War (1642-1649), while the town favored the opposing Parliamentarian cau. Soldier-statesman Oliver Cromwell, chancellor of the university from 1650 to 1657, was responsible for preventing both Oxford and Cambridge from being clod down by the Puritans, who viewed university education as dangerous to religious beliefs. From the mid-18th century onward, however, the University of Oxford took little part in political conflicts.
Administrative reforms during the 19th century included the replacement of oral examinations with written entrance tests, greater tolerance for religious disnt, and the establishment of four colleges for women. Women have been eligible to be full members of the university and have been entitled to take degrees since 1920. Although Oxford's emphasis traditionally had been on classical knowledge, its curriculum expanded in the cour of the 19th century and now attaches equal importance to scientific and medical studies.
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护手霜排行榜The roster of distinguished scholars at the University of Oxford is long and includes many who have made major contributions to British politics, the sciences, and literature. Since its founding in 1823, the Oxford Union, a university club devoted to formal debating and other social activities, has numbered among its members many of Britain's most noted political leaders.
III ACADEMIC ORGANIZATION AND DISCIPLINES
There are 39 colleges within the university, each with its own internal structure and activiti
es. The university's formal head is the chancellor, usually a distinguished politician, elected for life by the members of Convocation, a body comprising all members of the university who hold an M.A. degree. The
vice-chancellor, who holds office for four years, is the head of the university's executive. In addition to Convocation, the other bodies that conduct university business are the Ancient Hou of Congregation, which confers degrees; the Hebdomadal Council, which formulates university policy; and the
Congregation of the University, which discuss and pronounces on policies propod by the Hebdomadal Council.
The university itlf conducts examinations and confers degrees. The passing of two examinations is a prerequisite for a first degree. The first, called honor moderations or a preliminary examination, is usually held after the first or cond year. The cond, the honor school, is held at the end of the undergraduate cour. Successful candidates receive first-, cond-, or
third-class honors bad on their performance in the examinations. Rearch degrees at the master's and doctoral level are conferred in all subjects studied at graduate level at the university.
The heads of Oxford colleges are known by various titles, according to the college, including warden, provost, principal, president, or master. Undergraduate discipline is supervid by two university proctors, elected annually on a rotating basis from two of the colleges. Teaching members of the colleges (fellows and tutors) are collectively and familiarly known as dons. In addition to residential and dining facilities, the colleges provide social, cultural, and recreational activities for their members.
