吸毒的感觉The English language that is spoken today is the direct result of 1066 and the Norman Conquest. Modern English is vastly different from that spoken by the English prior to the Conquest, both in its word-hoard and its grammar. In order to understand what happened, and why, it is necessary to look at both English and Norman French before 1066, and then the Middle English that resulted from their interaction.
Old English
Old English was a highly inflected member of the West Germanic language family. It had two numbers, three genders, four cas, remnants of dual number and instrumental ca, which could give up to 30 inflectional forms for every adjective or pronoun. Its syntax was only partially dependent on word order and has a simple two ten, three mood, four person (three singular, one plural) verb system. The spelling of Old English is strictly phonetic.
莫待As a result of the Viking wars and the subquent ttlement of many speakers of Old Nor, a North Germanic language, the introduction of new words and a simplification of th
苏轼作文素材
e grammar had already started to take place. This was more marked in tho areas in the North, Midlands and East Anglia where the Danes and Norwegians ttled in large numbers. Although the two languages were mutually understandable, a modern day comparison would be a Geordie talking to a Cockney with neither making any concession to the other.
The language had four major dialects: Northumbrian, Mercian, West Saxon, and Kentish. As the kings of Wesx (West Saxons) gradually emerged as kings of all England, West Saxon dominated the written form of the language. As such, it gradually became less reflective of the spoken language, especially in the Danelaw.
Norman French
侧目的意思A legacy of the Roman Empire was the fact that the area west of the Rhine spoke Latin. The Latin they spoke, however, was not the highly inflected Classical Latin, ud by the church and scholars, but the common, or Vulgar Latin of the soldiers and the market place. This Vulgar Latin, as it had no one controlling or regulating its u, brought in word
s from the languages of the local populace. For this reason Italian, Catalan, Spanish, Portugue and French, though similar, even by 1066 were not the same.
辛亥革命读后感French had brought in many words from the Gauls who originally occupied the land. In addition they had suffered conquest and ttlement from various Germanic Tribes such as the Goths and Vandals, and finally the Franks, who gave the country its new name. From the peoples came additional words.
袜子好评语There were two major divisions in French: langue d'oil in the north; langue d'oc in the south (oil and oc being variations of 'yes'). Langue d'oc was nearer to Catalan than it was to Langue d'oil.
Langue d'oil had three major dialects, namely tho of Picardy, Ile de Paris and Norman. The Northmen (Danes and some Norwegians) who had taken the land and ttled there influenced Norman French. Its proximity to England had also allowed some English words to slip in, noticeably nautical terms.
芦叶船Middle English
By 1100 English had changed sufficiently to be clasd as a 'new' version of English, descended from, but quite different to, Old English.
Middle English had five major dialects, Northern, West Midland, East Midland, Southwesterm and Kentish. It was characterid by the extreme loss of inflections, almost complete standardisation of the plural to 's' and the introduction of a large number of Norman French and Low German words. The French came, of cour, from the French speakers who now controlled the government, the law and the church. The Low German from the large number of Flemish the Normans had first hired as mercenaries and then ud to ttle tho parts of the country they had harried and depopulated.
So, how had the changes come about? When the Nor had ttled in England they brought with them a language that was from the same linguistic family, and indeed enabled them to be understood by their English neighbours. The culture was also similar, not surprising considering that the original English had come from Scania, Denmark and t
he North Sea coast bordering Denmark. In addition the new comers supplemented, rather than replaced, both the aristocracy and the commons. As a result assimilation was very quick and easy even before the fighting stopped. The Normans brought with them an alien culture and language. Add to this their social status as the new ruling class, and it is no shock to find that assimilation was slower, and the new society and language that emerged was so radically changed from that which they found when they arrived uninvited in 1066.
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