高中定语从句详细讲解
一:定义及相关术语
1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有梦见捡钱好不好that, which, who, whom, who, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。
例如： The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 手足无措的意思是什么该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。
二:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句
形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。炸猪肉条
意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。
译法上：译成先行词的定语：“．．．的”
关系词的使用上：A．作宾语时可省略 B．可用that C．可用who 代替whom
非限制性定语从句
形式上：用逗号柑橘的功效“，”与主句隔开。
意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。
译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。
关系词的使用上：A．不可省略 B．不用that C．不可用who 代替whom
限制性定语从句举例：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.
老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。
非限制性定语从句举例 ：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。
千钰三:关系代词引导的定语从句
1．who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。
2．whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。
Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。
Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to e. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。
3．Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。
The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司
绿水人家绕离这儿很远。
4．That 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。 Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？
The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。
5．Who 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。
He has a friend who father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。
I once lived in the hou who roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。
注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：
The classroom who door is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book who cover is yellow? Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
6 as 的用法:(as 引导定语从句, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)
①如为限制性的，多用于the same …as ; the same as；such …as …; as many/much as；so …as等结构中。※I have the same book as you (have). 我有一本和你的一样的书。
.---Why didn't you mention that in face of the police just now?
--- I thought it was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning.
比较：Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定语从句）
Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句）
②如为非限制性的，多单独引导一个定语从句，表示说话人对话语的看法态度解释或评论.这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为"正如，这一点"。（动词常为know, e, expect, point out, etc.）
As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health . (as 作宾语)
Smoking is harmful to one's health , as we all know .（as 作宾语）
Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one' health.
He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. (宾语, 先行词是前面整个句子)
注意:the same…….as与the same ……that的区分
当先行词被the same修饰时关系词既可以用as,也可以用that在表示事物时,有时两者有一定的区别.一般说来,表示同一种类多用as,表示同一事物多用that.在抽象概念上,同种类事物是没有绝对区别的,所以两个词可以换用.例如This is the same book that I ud yesterday. This is the same book as I ud yesterday.
四:“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。
The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。
炎症是什么引起的注意：１． 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。look for, look after, take care of 等。
This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 这是我正在找的手表。
This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)
２．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that风景园林作品集；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用who。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。
The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)
３．“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。
如：He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。
五:关系副词引导的定语从句
1． when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。
The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。
2 where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raid . 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。
当现行词为point, ca, age, business, degree condition occasion,situation,atmosphere, scenes等时,在定语从句作状语时,用where.例如, )
1 I can think of many cas_______students obviously knew a lot of English word
s and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay. A. why B. which C. as D. where
2 Many people who had en the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes_________people were eaten by the tiger. A. where B. by which C. which D. that
3 He was driving so fast as to get himlf into a dangerous situation ___he is likely to lo the control over his car. A.which B.as C.why D.where
3． why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
Plea tell me the reason why you misd the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。
The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。
注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：
From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。
Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。
The reason why / for which he refud the invitation is quite clear.
