内容摘要
象棋的口诀古人曰：“工欲善其事，必先利其器。”在政策制定与执行过程中，政策目标就是“事”的问题，而政策工具（执行手段）则是“器”的问题。当政策制定之后，影响政策有效执行的一个关键因素，就是能否选择恰当的政策工具。政策工具（Policy Instruments or Tools of Government）是政府能够用以实现特定政策目标的一系列机制、手段、方法与技术。政策工具是政策目标与政策结果之间的纽带和桥梁。政策工具的选择主要发生在政策执行阶段。长期以来，我们对政府执行机构及其执行人员在政策执行中的正当角色和职责功能比较重视，而对如何选择合理的政策工具来执行政策以有效达成公共目标则较少关注。事实上，政策执行的核心在于选择和设计有效的工具。在政策执行中，选用何种政策工具以及用哪一种标准来评价该政策工具的效果，对政府能否达成既定政策目标具有决定性影响。本文正是基于工具选择的视角研究政策执行。
全文包括如下几个部分：第一，引言。主要是通过提出问题，引出“政策执行中的工具选择”这一研究主题，并说明其研究价值、研究历史与研究现状、研究内容与研究方法。第二，政策工具选择的重要意义。主要从工具选择与目标达成的关系，分析工具选择在政策执行中的重要性。第三，政策工具选择的影响因素。借助史密斯的“政策执行过程模型”来解释影响工具选择的主要因素。第四，政策工具选择的行动过程。运用政策分析的初步方法和公共决策的一般逻辑，建构“政策目标”导向的工具选择的行动过程。第五，政策工具选择的实践分析。以江西省萍乡市的集体林业产权制度改革为案例，从现实的政策
芽芽的儿歌执行中探讨如何进行工具选择。最后是结束语。
无论从理论上，还是从实践上讲，基于工具选择的视角研究政策执行将是大有裨益的。对政策执行中工具选择的系统研究将会填补“执行研究”的一个空白领域。
创业史简介
关键词：政策执行；政策工具；政策选择
Abstract
Master Kong had said: “A craftsman, if he means to do his work well, must first sharpen his tools.” In the cour of policymaking and implementation, policy objectives are “the work” what policy should do, meanwhile，policy instruments are ”the tools” that are operated in policy implementation. After policymaking, choosing appropriate policy instruments will be the crucial factor that influences policy implementation effectively. The choice of instruments mainly exists in the process of policy implementation .We have attached great importance to the legitimate roles and functions of the implementing agencies in policy implementation, however, we had neglected a fact about the choice of instruments in order to achieve public objectives effectively. The key of policy implementation is choosing and devising the effective instruments. During the cour of the policy implementation, choosing what kinds of policy instruments and how to evaluate the effectiveness of policy instrument
s will have decisive effects on policy achievements. Therefore, this thesis will study on policy implementation from view of the choice of instruments.
The thesis is divided into the following aspects：
In the first part, the author puts forward the issue on the choice of instruments in policy implementation. Then the author explains the significance of the study, and introduces the history and the prent state of the study, the methods of the study and the main contents of the study in the thesis.
In the cond part, the author demonstrates the importance of the choice of instruments in policy implementation from view of the relationship between the policy instruments and the policy objectives.
In the third part, the author analyzes the main factors that influence the choice of instruments by means of “The Policy Implementation Process Model”.
In the fourth part, the author constructs the active process of the choice of instruments in policy implementation by means of the basic methods of policy analysis and the general logic of public policy.
In the fifth part, the author analyzes the choice of instruments in practice，taking the reform of Collectively Owned Forestry Tenure System in Pingxiang City of Jiangxi Province for example, the author rearches into how to choo public policy
instruments from practical policy implementation process.
At last, Concluding Remarks.
The study on policy implementation from view of the choice of instruments will have great significance in theory and practice. Systematically studying on the choice of instruments in policy implementation will eke out the gap in “Policy Implementation Rearch”.
Key Words: Policy implementation; Policy instruments; Policy choice
目录
引言 (1)
一、政策工具选择的重要意义 (5)
（一）政策工具是实现政策目标的基本途径 (5)鸡蛋拌黄瓜
（二）政策执行实质上就是工具选择的过程 (5)
（三）政策工具的选择关系到政策的成与败 (6)
二、政策工具选择的影响因素——史密斯模型的解释 (7)
（一）理想化的政策 (8)
（二）执行机构 (10)
（三）目标群体 (11)
（四）背景因素 (12)
三、政策工具选择的行动过程 (15)
（一）政策取向学习 (15)
（二）确认工具菜单 (16)
（三）评估工具效力 (18)
（四）工具优化管理 (20)
四、政策工具选择的实践分析：以江西省萍乡市集体林业产权制度改革为例.22（一）工具选择的影响因素 (24)
（二）工具选择的行动过程 (28)
怀孕能吃香蕉吗（三）工具选择的几点启示 (33)
结束语 (36)
参考文献 (37)
后记 (40)
Contents
干炸小黄花鱼Introduction (1)
Ⅰ. The Importance of the Choice of Instruments (5)
(Ⅰ) The Policy Instruments are the Basic Approach to Achieve Objectives.5 (Ⅱ) Policy Implementation is the Choice of Instruments in Esnce (5)
(Ⅲ) The Choice of Instruments is the Key to Policy Achievements (6)
Ⅱ. The Main Factors Influencing the Choice of Instruments (7)
(Ⅰ) The Ideal Public Policy (8)
(Ⅱ) The Implementing Agencies (10)
(Ⅲ) The Target Groups (11)
(Ⅳ) The Contextual Factors (12)
Ⅲ.The Process of the Choice of Instruments (15)
(Ⅰ) Public Policy—oriented Learning (15)
(Ⅱ) Recognizing the Policy Instruments list (16)
(Ⅲ) Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Policy Instruments (18)
国旗国旗多美丽
标准字(Ⅳ) Refining the Policy Instruments and Continuing Managing (20)
Ⅳ. Analyzing the Choice of Instruments in Practice (22)
(Ⅰ) Analyzing the Main Factors Influencing the Choice of Instruments (24)
(Ⅱ) Analyzing the Active Process of the Choice of Instruments (28)
(Ⅲ) Summarizing Several Enlightenments of the Choice of Instruments..33 Concluding Remarks (36)
References (37)
Postscript (40)
