Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 7 (2019) 584-592
doi: 10.17265/2328-2150/2019.11.004
Spirometric Abnormalities Met among Senegale Workers Expod to Chlorine Gas
Houndjo Salimata Diagne1, Ouattara Rokia1, Mbengue Arame3, Ouedraogo Valentin1, Seck Aissatou1, Sow Abdou khadre1, Diaw Mor1,Toure Maimouna1, Coly Mame Saloum3,Ba Awa4, Sar Fatou Bintou2,3,Ba Abdoulaye1 and Samb Abdoulaye1
1. Laboratoire de Physiologie et d’Explorations Fonctionnelles, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d’Odontologie-Sénégal, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, BP 5005, Sénégal
2. UMI 3189, “Environnement, Santé, Societies”, CNRS, CNRST, Université Bamako-UCAD, Dakar, BP 5005, Sénégal
简单的绘画作品3. UFR des sciences de la santé, Thiès, BP 221, Sénégal
4. UFR des sciences de la santé, Bambey, BP 21400, Sénégal
Abstract: Introduction: Chlorine as a disinfectant has many side effects on respiratory function. This respiratory toxicity may be related to the exposure time. Materials and Methods: Measure the impact of the duration of chlorine gas exposure on the respiratory function of Senegale workers who work in the national water production factory: Senegalai Des Eaux (SDE), aged 35-54 years. Twenty-four (24) male subjects expod to chlorine gas were divided into two groups, one (35-44) and the other (45-54). Clinical examinations were performed on each employee, followed by chest x-rays and spirometry. We included all subjects who first or last two spirometry results were normal. Results:In the 35-44 years group, 50% of subjects had disturbed spirometry including 41.6% of obstructive syndrome (OS), at the cond spirometry and 8.3% had a restrictive syndrome FVC at -25%, at the 3rd spirometry 4/12 had a normal spirometry. The duration of exposure was 10 years. For subjects in 45-54 years, 8/12 had persistent OS or accentuated, then at the 3rd spirometry we had 10 subjects. The duration of exposure was 17.5 years. Conclusion: Compared with (35-44) group, older (45-54) subjects had significant OS, which may be related to duration of exposure.
Key words: Spirometry, exposure, SDE.
1. Introduction
Raw water collected from nature contains micro-organisms that may be pathogenic to the body. The pathogenic micro-organisms that can infiltrate the drinking water distribution system may cau dias for consumers. To fight against the dias, methods of disinfection are ud; one of them is chlorination of water. In Senegal, that is the method ud by Sénégalai Des Eaux (SDE), a national company that has been operating and managing the public drinking water rvice in urban areas since 1996. Chlorination of drinking water is undoubtedly one of the major advances in public health of the past
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Corresponding author:Houndjo Salimata Diagne, MCa, PhD student, rearch fields:neurophysiology, psychiatry. century.
However, it would have adver effects on life and health of workers and many studies demonstrate this: in vitro studies have demonstrated that hypochlorous acid and chloramines attack the thiol groups of structural proteins, resulting in disruption of the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrices [1]. The effects result in an almost instantaneous increa in epithelial or endothelial permeability. In 2002, Thickett [2] had demonstrated the asthmatogenic power of trichloramine in lifeguards. This same power had been reported in a study following the link between disinfection of medical instruments by dichloroisocyanurate [3] and occurrence of asthma in health professionals. Cas of
development or worning of asthma due to the irritating effects of
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chlorinated disinfectants have also been reported [4-6]. In Senegal, a study conducted at the Laboratory of Human Physiology of the University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar (UCAD) by Sarr et al. [7] on the employees of the Sénégalai Des Eaux (SDE) had revealed the harmful effects of inhalation of chlorine gas on the respiratory apparatus. Would the effects be related to the position held and the duration of exposure to the position? To find this link, we measured the impact of the position held and the duration of exposure on the respiratory function of the SDE employees. To achieve that aim, we divided the employees according to the position occupied and the duration of exposure, diagnod the different spirometric abnormalities found, established a link between the position occupied, the duration of exposure and the various troubles to finally propo a consistent prevention policy of occupational risks.
2. Methods
Our study aimed to measure the impact of the duration of exposure on the respiratory function of Senegale workers aged 35 to 54 years. It was carried out at UCAD’s Laboratory of Human Physiology and Functional Explorations on 24 male subjects no-smoking expod to chlorine and divided into two groups of 12 aged 35-44 and 45-54. It was a retrospective longitudinal study. For each employee we performed a medical examination including a physical examination, a chest x-ray and then spirometry (respiratory functional exploration—RFE). The spirometer ud was the Vyntus® pneumo to the electrical standard ICE60601. We included all subjects who first spirometry was normal, but also the last two results of spirometry performed. During the analysis of the spirometric data, we evaluated: forced expiratory volume in one cond (FEV1), forced expiratory flow at 25%-75% (FEF 25%-75%) of forced vital capacity (FVC) and maximum instantaneous flow rates at 75%, 50% and 25% of the FVC. Outside exposure time and age, our subjects had all other risk factors in common.
The CS pro 5.0 software and R version 3.5.3 have been ud for statistical analysis of data, and the Word and EXCEL 2010 software for graphics.
3. Results
We divided the 24 patients into two groups, each with 12 cas. The clinical examination and chest x-ray of all our subjects were normal. The exposure duration (ED) of the groups was 10.4166 ± 4.44 years for the age group (35-44), and 17.58 ± 6.11 years for the age group (45-54), respectively. A comparison of the last 2 spirometries (Figs. 1 and 2) was performed according to the ED.
3.1 For the Group Who ED Was about 10 Years (Figs. 1 and 2)
Forty-two percent (42%) had an obstructive syndrome (OS) and 8% had a restrictive syndrome at the 2nd sprirometry, however in the 3rd, the percentage of OS had incread to 50%. A comparison according to the bronchial location of the OS (Figs. 3 and 4), found that in the group who exposure time was 10.46 years, the majority of the obstructed patients had either bronchial obstruction averages only 40% or mixed obstruction 40% (middle and distal bronchi). At 2nd spirometry, the percentage of obstructive joint would have incread 26% or 66% of which 33% had distal and middle bronchi and 33% had proximal and distal bronchi (e Figs. 3 and 4).
3.2 For the Group with an ED of 17.58 Years (Figs. 5 and 6)
爸爸的本领The majority of patients had an OS with 67% at the 2nd RFE and at 3rd RFE this rate had incread to 83%.
洗碗作文300字When we compared the evolution of the OS, 75% of the obstructed patients had an OS with a single lesion of the distal bronchi at the 2nd RFE and 25% had a mixed obstruction (average and distal) (e Figs.
周边美食7 and 8). As for the 3rd spirometry, the distal syndrome
Spirometric Abnormalities Met among Senegale Workers Expod to Chlorine Gas 586
Fig. 1 Distribution of obstructive syndrome at 2nd RFE (ED = 10, 46 years).
Fig. 2 Distribution of obstructive syndrome at 3rd RFE (ED = 10, 46 years).
Fig. 3 2nd RFE (ED = 10, 46 years).
Spirometric Abnormalities Met among Senegale Workers Expod to Chlorine Gas 587
Fig. 4 3rd RFE (ED = 10, 46 years).
Fig. 5 Distribution of obstructive syndrome at 2nd RFE (ED = 17, 58 years).
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Fig. 6 Distribution of obstructive syndrome at 3rd RFE (ED = 17, 58 years).
Spirometric Abnormalities Met among Senegale Workers Expod to Chlorine Gas
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Fig. 7 2nd RFE (ED = 18 years).
Fig. 8 3rd RFE (ED = 18 years).
had decread by 15% or 60% and the mixed obstruction had incread by 5% or 30% (20% of average and distal damage and 10% of the proximal and distal bronchi). But also we noted, an appearance of involvement of the bronchi averaged 33.33% at the 3rd spirometry.
3.3 Intergroup Comparison (Figs. 9 and 10) Was Done according to the ED
青青草资源网The percentage of OS incread from 2nd to 3rd spirometry. But also, subjects with exposure duration of about 18 years were the most expod. During the 3rd spirometry, in addition to the mixed obstruction (middle and distal bronchi), there was a progression towards another mixed obstruction which was the involvement of the proximal and distal bronchi.
3.4 Occurrence of the Dia according to the Duration of Exposure
Survival curve was obtained by the Kaplan-Meier method. Fig. 11 reprents the function of occurrence of the dia.
The median is 14; it reprents the duration of exposure that had been necessary for half of the workers to have developed the dia.
For Fig. 12, people in age group 45-54 had the probability of having the chronic obstructive pulmonary dia (COPD) faster bad on the duration
