4.1复习笔记
I.Introduction to author（作者简介）
Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)is a novelist.
数载
纳撒尼尔·霍桑（1804-1864）是一位小说家。
1.Life（生平）国产青春片
Hawthorne was born in Salem,Massachutts.Some of his ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan theocracy.One of his ancestors was a colonial magistrate,notorious for his part in the percution of the Quakers,and another was a judge at the Salem Witchcraft Trial in1692.Gradually,the family fortune declined.Hawthorn was intenly conscious of the wrongdoing of his ancestors, and this awareness led to his understanding of evil being at the core of human life, so he emed to be haunted by his n of sin and evil in his life.
中国邮政网络学院登录入口霍桑出生于马萨诸塞州的萨勒姆镇，他的一些祖先是17世纪新英格兰清教神权统治中的显赫人物。他的一位祖先是殖民地行政官，因参与迫害贵格派教徒而臭名昭著。另一位祖先则是1692年萨勒姆审巫案的法官。家族渐渐走向没落。霍桑强烈地意识到他祖先的罪恶，这也让他明白了邪恶存在于人生命的核心
部分，因此终其一生，他心中的罪恶感都挥之不去。
2.Writing style（写作风格）
(1)He is the most ambivalent writer,a consummate romantic in the American literature history.One salient feature of Hawthorne’s art is his ambiguity,of which
the technique of multiple views employed in the last part of his masterpiece The Scarlet Letter offers a good illustration.
(2)He is good at exploring of the complexity of human psychology.He is anatomist of"the interior of the heart".His works are full of mental activities.
(3)Allegory is ud to hold fast against the crushing blows of reality,the symbolism rves as a weapon to attack and penetrate it.Hawthorne is a master of symbolism,which he took from the Puritan tradition and bequeathed to American literature in a revivified form.The symbol can be found everywhere in his writing, and his masterpiece,The Scarlet Letter,provides the most conclusive proof.情死
(1)霍桑是美国文学历史上思想最为矛盾、写作手法娴熟的浪漫主义作家。矛盾性是霍桑写作艺术的一
个显著特征，在他的代表作《红字》的最后一部分作家运用了多重视角的写作技巧。
(2)他善于探究人的复杂心理，是人物内心的剖析师。他的作品有着丰富的心理活动描写。
(3)寓言是对现实沉重的打击，象征主义则是揭露和抨击的武器。霍桑是象征主义大师，他继承了清教的传统并光复了美国文学。象征在他的作品中随处可见，尤其在他的代表作《红字》中找到确证。
描写树叶的词语
3.Influence（影响）
Hawthorne’s influence has been great.He was accorded due recognition by his contemporary James Rusll Lowell in the latter’s A Fable for Critics.He changed Herman Melville’s original scheme for his Moby Dick.William Dean
Howells learned to u Hawthorne’s fiction as the benchmark for their novel-writing practice.In this century William Faulkner and some Gothic novelists clearly show their indebtedness to him.
霍桑的影响可谓深远。詹姆斯·拉塞尔·洛威尔在《写给批评家的寓言》的末了给予他以应有的认可。他改变了赫尔曼·麦尔维尔《白鲸》中最初的创作意图。威廉·迪安·豪威尔斯学着用霍桑的作品作为他们小说创作的基准。在这个世纪威廉姆·福克纳和一些哥特式小说家对他也怀感恩之情。
4.Major works（主要作品）
情感经历The Scarlet Letter《红字》摘菜作文
Twice-told Tales《故事重述》
中考语文试卷Moss from an Old Man《古宅青苔》
The Hou of the Seven Gables《带有七个尖角阁的房子》
The Blithdale Romance《玉石雕像》
The Marble Faun《福谷传奇》
II.Selected works（作品选读）
◆The Scarlet Letter《红字》
(1)Theme—This novel assumes the universality of guilt and explores the complexities and ambiguities of man’s choices.Hawthorne does not intend to tell a love story nor a story of sin,but focus his attention on the moral,emotional, and psychological effects or conquences of the sin on the people in general and
tho main characters in particular,so as to show us the tension between society and individuals.To Hawthorne,everybody is potentially a sinner,and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature.
(2)Symbolism—Hawthorne portrays Hester as an aristocratic and nsitive young woman who meets her ntence with dignity and courage.When she is t free,she does not flee the community.She supports herlf and her child by doing fancy needlework,devotes her life to her child and helping the sick and the poor, and wins the admiration and love of her fellowmen again.So,The Scarlet Letter is a hymn on the moral growth of the woman.The scarlet letter at first is a token of shame,Adultery,then the genuine sympathy and help she offers to her fellow villagers change it to Able.Later in the end,A appears in the sky,signifying Angel. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she establishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen.
(1)主题——这部小说展现了罪恶的普遍性并探究了人们面临选择时的复杂与矛盾心理。霍桑无意在讲述一个关于爱情或罪恶的故事，而是关注于罪恶感带给普通人或一些主要角色在道德、情感、心理方面的影响，从而展示了社会与个人之间的紧张状况。对于霍桑来讲，每个人都是潜在的罪人，道义上的勇气对人性的改善是必不可少的。
(2)象征主义——霍桑将海斯特描绘成一位仪态高贵并善感的年轻女子，从容勇敢地面对判决。当她获释后，她并没有逃离社区。她带着孩子靠做精美的针线活自力更生，将爱奉献给自己的孩子并帮助老弱病残，重新赢得了同乡人的赞美和爱戴。因此，《红字》就是一曲歌颂海斯特道德成长的赞歌。红字最初是羞耻的象征，是“通奸”；然后因为她对同乡人真诚的同情和帮助使得红字的意义变为“能干”；最后，红字A出现在天空中，意味着“天
使”。当她和她的同乡建立了深长的关系时，她的生命最终获得了真正的意义。
