外文文献
民事诉讼费用RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION
寒假第一天
Rural tourism is a gment of the total tourist industry which is particularly important in Hungary, in a country with no spectacular natural attractions, without aside， high mountains, rainforest or herds of exotic animals. However， its attractive cultural landscapes with small villages， thermal springs， rivers and lakes， combined with the traditional hospitality， are able to offer pleasant experiences to the kind of tourist who is looking for relaxation and recreation in a calm tting。
On one hand， rural tourism development can play an important role in the diversification of the Hungarian tourist supply and in the creation of a more complex and colourful country image. On the other hand， rural tourism is not only the end, but the means to stimulate economic growth， to increa the viability of underdeveloped regions, and to improve the living standards of local populations。
If rural tourism is to fulfil all the roles, it has to be developed in a way that ensures the long—term sustainability of the resources and that of the development progress itlf. But what is a sustainable way of development in rural tourism ？ How can sustainability be monitored and promoted in rural destinations ? This paper attempts to answer the questions by prenting the current situation of Hungarian rural tourism through indicators that are considered to be relevant for this type of tourism.
凉拌白萝卜丝SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
互联网创业
The concept of sustainable development was introduced by the World Commission on Environment and Development in the Brundtland Report in 1987， defining sustainable development as ”development that meets the needs of the prent without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”。
Tourism is one of the foremost economic activities around the world， having transported more than 617 million people internationally and generated 448 billion USD in receipts in 1997 （WTO, 1998). It is a major economic force， having generated in 1996 an estimat
穷人主要内容ed 3，153.3 billion USD in gross output， creating employment for app. 255 million people, producing app. 10。7 per cent of world gross domestic product， investing app. 766 billion USD in new facilities and equipment annually， and contributing more than app。 653.3 billion USD to global tax revenue （WTTC， 1996）。
The volume and significance of tourism clearly shows that it is not enough to develop new forms of ”alternative" tourism in order to minimi the negative and maximi the positive impacts of tourism development。 The whole ctor must be developed and managed in a way that it does not damage the natural and socio-cultural environment and this is the responsibility of the world—wide tourism industry。
小乙
Though the Brundtland report made no special reference to tourism, since its publication, the role of tourism in the process of continuously misusing the Earth’s resources has been analyd and the concept of sustainable tourism appeared。美术技法
Sustainable tourism has veral — often riously debated — definitions。 According to the definition of the Federation of Nature and National Parks, sustainable tourism is ”all fo
外科颈rms of tourism development， management and activity that maintain the environmental， social and economic integrity and well-being of natural， built and cultural resources in perpetuity” （FNNP， 1993). A publication by the Tourism Concern and the World Wide Fund for Nature defines sustainable tourism as tourism which ”operates within natural capacities for the regeneration and future productivity of natural resources； recognis the contribution that people and communities， customs and lifestyles， make to the tourism experience； accepts that the people must have an equitable share in the economic benefits of tourism； and is guided by the wishes of local people and communities in the host areas” (Tourism Concern ＆ WWF, 1992）。
Though the existing definitions usually differ in their focus or level of elaborateness, the main message of the Brundtland Report ems to be more and more accepted by the tourism industry all over the world。 However， the notion of sustainability is a very complex one and it has many ramifications （Mowforth & Munt， 1998）。
Ecological sustainability, which means that tourism development does not cau irreversi
ble changes in a given destination's ecosystem， is the most commonly accepted dimension， since there is an obvious need all over the world to protect natural resources from the negative impacts of tourism activities. The general growth of environment-awareness has significantly contributed to this trend。 Social sustainability refers to the ability of a community to absorb tourism (both the industry and the tourists themlves) without the creation of social disharmony. Cultural sustainability in the context of tourism assumes that a given community is able to retain or adapt their own distinctive cultural traits against the pressure of both the so—called "tourist culture” and the "residual culture" of the visitors (Jafari， 1987)。 Economic sustainability refers to a level of economic gain from tourism that is sufficient to provide an appropriate income for the local community (compared to the inconvenience caud by the activities of the tourism ctor） and to cover all the costs of any special measure taken to satisfy the tourists （thus a precondition of economic sustainability is the attractiveness of an area and the perceived high quality of its tourist supply： without being in a competitive position in the world market， no destination can be economically sustainable）.
