英语长难句理解与分析
英语长难句理解与分析
一．长难句的结构特点
公园效果图根据高考阅读理解命题趋势，高考阅读文章具有以下特点:
1. 难忘的往事体裁更加丰富，题材更趋多样化；
２．更加注重深层信息理解水平的考查；
３．更加注重对综合素质的考查；
４．语篇结构较为复杂，长难句有所增加；
５．阅读材料“原汁原味”，提问更加深入；
６．阅读速度要求进一步提高。
“原汁原味”意味着理解难度的增大，而阅读速度的要求却是越来越高，所以学生没有一定的有关技能技巧是不可能在二轮复习中取得进步有所突破的。那么如何除掉阅读中的“拦路虎”，首当其冲是要掌握其结构特点。
1. 含多个并列结构
以2002年高考中最长的句子为例:He found out that Kit Williams had spent his childhood near Ampthill, in Bedfordshire, and thought that he must have buried the hare in a place he knew well, but he still could not e that connection with Katherine of Aragon, until one day he came across two stone cross in Ampthill park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773.（ 65 words）实际上全句就由一个主句He found that…和两个并列句and…,but..组成，只是每个句中都有一个宾语从句，最后的but 并列句中还包含了一 杨文广征南个由until 引导的状语从句（直到有一天他在阿帕斯尔公园碰巧看
见 两个石制的十字架， 他才懂得在1773年， 修建这两个十字架是为了向她表示敬意。）
As with sports teams, group work can only be successful when group members respect, help and support each other, while the work division is clear and each member performs at the right level in the role that is most suitable to him or her. (Unit11) 正如运动员一样，小组活动只有在组员们相互尊敬，相互协助和相互支持的情况下才能取得成功；与此同时分工要明确，而且每个成员都要能在他们最合适的角色上发挥出正常的水平。
2．含强调结构.
在人教版高三14单元有这样一个句子:Among the different kinds of bees, it is the honey-bee that has interested scientists most becau of the “language” that they u to communicate with each other.(Unit14)该句用逗号将用作状语的介词短语提前，再用强调结构”It is…that…”强调主句的主语the honey-bee,最后加长句子的关键是状语中包含了一个由that引导的定语从句。译文为:在各
种不同种类的蜂中，蜜蜂因其在彼此之间实行沟通所用的“语言”而最使科学家们赶兴趣。
3．含多个从句
今年湖南高考阅读C篇文章中有这么一个句子:Supporting this claim was the discovery that tho children who were unable to form normal emotional ties with others did not experience contagious(有感染力的) yawning, which showed that humans communicate regularly without words.这个句子虽然不是很长，但是那种“句中有句”的类型，主句只是一个简单的动名词短语作主语的主系表结构，但表语后有一个由that引导的同位语从句，同位语从句中又有一个由who引导的定语从句，结尾由which引导的非限制性定语从句中又包含了一个由that引导的宾语从句。
4．含倒装结构
2001年全国高考阅读理解机械设备管理制度D篇中的句子“Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups.” 就是一个典型的倒装句，首先是时间状语Before 1066用逗号提前，再是地点状语in the land带定语从句,接着是该句的谓语动词lived，最后是主语后跟分词短语belonging to…作定语。
5．含省略结构
这种结构必须在上下文中体会出省略成分才能理解准确，如2003年高考英语试卷中最长的阅读理解句子：First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the venteenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique. （58 words）简析：此句夹杂过去分词短语作状语，介词短语including a French woman scientist…作插入语，动名词working out the problem作介词宾语，两个定语从句以及不定式in order to be able to…作目的状语，但有好几处都省略了成分。
6．含插入语或零散结构
以1999年高考阅读理解句“Dad ,in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt---a mistake 75% of the US population make every day.”为例，in a hurry to get home before dark…是插入语做状语用，句末又用破折号引出也个零散结构a mistake 75% of the US population make every day。对全句实行了
一个补充说明：爸爸，急匆匆地在天黑之前赶回家，以便他能出去跑步，却忘记系安全带—这是75%的美国人每天犯的一个错误。简析：关键词for a run去跑步。
二．长难句理解的锦囊妙计
根据“有效教学”理念之一要注重学生的发展， 确立学生的主体地位；以及注重教学的策略，教师要有一系列解决具体问题的行为方法，从而我们教师在二轮复习中以学生自己练习为主，多给学生方法与技巧指导是行之有效的高分秘密武器。鉴此，我总结各种高考辅导书，通过反复专研近几年的高考以及课文长难句，提供以下锦囊妙计以供参考：
1．核心简化法：
1..找准主干；
2.理清逻辑关系：先将句子的修饰成分(名词性从句,定语从句,状语从句，非谓语动词或短语)去掉,露出主干，然后再分析修饰成分和主句的关系.分析高三课本中的句子：
I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sports create good will among the n
ations, and that if the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket field, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.该句去掉when引导的状语从句，就只有主句“I am always amazed”了。
2.分层理解法(结构分析法）：
１.把长句拆成较短的复合句或简单句。如and, but，or等引导的并列句；which, that, who, where, when引导的定语从句；when, if , though, becau引导的状语从句。
２．根据需要再将分词短语，不定式，介词短语，独立主格结构等从句中剥离出来．
上句在when引导的状语从句中，作宾补的分词saying 后带了两个由that 引导的并列宾语从句，在第二个从句中包含一个由if引导的条件状语从句。这样整个句子就被分解成一个主句，四个从句和一个分词短语了。至此学生在理解单句的前提下，再复合成整体去解读，熟能生巧，受益无穷。
3.单句重排：
这种方法是以分层理解法为前提的，在分清句子结构后，根据分句标志和连接词,把复合句化解为单个简单句,柔情歌曲实行单句重排， 从而使“复杂的句子简单化毕姥爷被谁出卖了.” 但这种方法仅仅一个入门指导，熟练后这仅仅一个思维过程而已。假日
在1999发烧可以跑步吗年的高考中有一个长达45个词的句子：Whereas a woman’s clost female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear (that) a man say (that)he didn’t know (that)his friend’s marriage was in rious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. Whereas a woman’s clost female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage。我们给以单句重排：
1. A woman’s clost female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage
2. It wasn’t unusual to hear (that) a man say …
3. He didn’t know (that)his friend’s marriage was in rious trouble
4. His friend appeared one night and asked him if he could sleep on the sofa.
