托福阅读TPO26(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:EnergyandtheIndustrialRevolution
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【1】For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century ri in industry, technology, and economic power known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power. Incread efficiency in the u of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also ud in the iron industry as procesd charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur wi
th progress in the development of the steam engine.
【2】In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a variety of industrial us as it became cheaper to u. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and incread the production of coal needed to power steam engines elwhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that ud water- driven machines. The shift to incread mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported incread 230 times. Production of British cotton goods incread sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britain’s most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in incread demands for coal, and the conquent increa in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the ever-
deeper coal ams found below the water table.
【3】The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into u for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the u of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a respon to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening u of higher-quality iron in other industries.
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【4】Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping h
eavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the u of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been ud in mining operations to move bigger loads, but hors were still the primary source of power. However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to ek alternative investment opportunities. Also, the availability of jobs in railway construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to asonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.
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六朵玫瑰花代表什么意思1.Why does the author provide the information that “Great Britain had large amounts of coal”(paragraph 1)?
A.To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteenth century.
B.To explain why coal rather than other energy resources became the primary source of heat for homes and industries in eighteenth-century Britain.
C.To indicate that Britain’s energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuel.
D.To explain why coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth-century.
2.What was “the problem of energy" that had to be solved to make the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century possible?
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A.Water and wind could not be ud efficiently.
羊肉怎么做B.There was no efficient way to power machinery.
C.Steam engines required large amounts of coal, which was in short supply.
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