第一节、汉译英的断句花生糯米糍
汉语是一种“语义型”语言，其句子在很大程度上表现为一种以意合法为主要手段的意念流，断句很不严格。英译时往往要对原文进行断句处理，使译文语义更加清晰。
所谓断句就是对一个汉语句群中几个短句划分层次，分别译成英语的两个或更多的句子。断句时主要可以从以下几个角度加以考虑：
护照过期如何办理流程 - 他知道，她丈夫很粗野，经常打她，他心软了，找来工具，费了好半天，帮王二嫂打开了锁。(同上)
- Dongbao knew her husband was very rough and often beat her. Softened up by her words, he dug out some tools and, only after some effort, did he succeed in unlocking the door.
分析：这里译者将“他知道……找来工具”断句后，将后半部分“他心软了，找来工具”与后一句合在一起，因为这两句的逻辑关系更为紧密。章树
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这是民国六年的冬天，大风刮得正猛，我因为生计关系，不得不一早在路上走。(《一件小事》)
分析：这是一个流水句。汉语中类似句子俯拾皆是。
可分为三个部分。第一部分交代时间，第二部分交代天气，第三部分叙述我在路上走。但第二部分与第三部分之间有隐含的转折关系：尽管大风很猛，我为了生计不得不很早上路。
- It happened during the winter of 1917. A bitter north wind was blowing, but to make a living, I had to be up and out early.
华大妈在枕头底掏了半天，掏出一包洋钱，交给老栓，老栓接了，抖抖的装入衣袋，又在外面按了两下，便点上灯笼，吹熄灯盏，走向里屋了。(《药》)
After some fumbling under the pillow, his wife produced a packet of silver dollars which she handed over to him. Old Shuan pocketed it nervously, patted his pocket twice, then lighting a paper lantern and blowing out the lamp, went into the inner room.
二、从主语变化处断句
一部分地区有条件优先发展起来，一部分地区发展慢点，先发展起来的地区带动后发展的地区，最终达到共同富裕。
赞美马的诗句
-where conditions permit, some areas may develop faster than others. Regions which enjoy faster advance can help promote the progress of the less developed regions, finally achieving common affluence.
小排量汽车排行榜
分析：英译时断为三部分，并省略两句中的重复部分。将原文中后两句子通过现在分词短语合并成一个长句，这样译文条理清楚，主次分明，行文流畅。
-不一会儿，北风小了，路上浮尘早已刮净，剩下一条洁白的大道来，车夫也跑得更快。(《一件小事》)
分析：原文的几个句子分别叙述了“北风”路上”“车夫”的情况，也是这几个句子的主语，所以英译时可以断为三句，仍然保留这三个主语，这样译文的内容层次就非常明晰了。
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Prently the wind dropped a little. By now the loo dust had all been blown away, leaving the road clean, and the rickshaw man quickened his pace.
三、在总说-分述处断句
汉语有些句子习惯于先作概括，即先总说，后再分述，或者先详尽阐述，而后作概括，总说与分述之间并不用句号隔开，译成英语时，为使译文内容层次清晰，可在总说与分述之处断句。
1、先分述，再总说
- 在全国人民反帝爱国斗争的压力下，北洋军阀被迫释放被捕学生，撤消三个卖国贼的职务，拒绝在对德“和约”上签字，反帝反封建斗争取得了初步胜利。
分析：前三句为分述，最后一句为总述。
-Under the pressure of the nationwide anti-imperialist patriotic struggle, the warlord government had to t free the students it had arrested, dismiss the three traitors from off
ice, and withhold its signature from the “Peace Treaty” with Germany. This marked an initial victory for the struggle against imperialism and feudalism.
各种语言嘈杂极了，有的在吵架，有的在患难中谈爱，真是一个热闹的世界。
如果你是一滴水
分析：典型的分-总结构。
- People quarreled, and lovers, in spite of the hard times, talked to each other affectionately in a Babel of the languages. It was a very lively place.
2、先总说，再分述
- 父亲毕竟比她多吃了几年盐，她的男朋友是什么的人，父亲一看就知道。
分析：第一句为总说，说父亲有城府，后两句是分说，讲述在这件事上父亲城府深的具体表现。
- After all, father has much more worldly experience than her. So he will be able to tell, at a glance, what kind of man her boyfriend is.
- 农民的生活水平不断提高，大部分农民已解决了温饱问题，不少农民已过上了小康生活。
-The living standard of farmers had been raid steadily. The majority of farmers have enough food and clothing while quite a few leading a quite comfortable life.
四、其他情况下的断句
-人类没有食物就不能生存，因此需要农民。
-Human being cannot live without food. Hence they need for peasants.
-之所以断句，是出于强调的需要。
-哼，让大家说吧，周家大少爷看上他家里面的女下人，怕什么？我喜欢她。(《雷雨》)
-Hum. Let them say what they like about “young Mr. Zhou falling for one of the rvant.” What do I care? I love her.
初中英语新课程标准
分析：反问句断为一句。
第二节汉译英中的并句
在对汉语原文进行断句处理后，就面临如何将每个断开部分中的几个汉语短句合并翻译成一个完整句子的问题，这就是汉译英中的并句法。
并句法可以避免语言的拖沓和重复，使译文更加严谨、简洁、紧凑、符合英文的表达习惯。
有些短句之间即使有句号隔开，但如果语义上联系紧密，应并为一句。
- 北海公园是原辽、金、元、明、清历代封建帝王的“御花园”。总面积共有68.2段公顷。
分析：原文的最后一句虽然被句号隔开，但实际上是对北海公园的附加说明，不宜单独成句。
- Bei Hai Park, covering an area of 68.2 hectares, was the imperial garden in the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
- 曲曲折折的荷塘上面，弥望的是田田的叶子。叶子出水很高，象亭亭的舞女的裙。(《荷
塘月色》)
- 分析：虽为两句，但后句的主语重复前句的结尾，对“叶子”进行补充说明，故可译为一个现在分词短语。
- All over this winding stretch of water, what meets the eye is a silken field of leaves, reaching rather high above the surface, like the skirts of dancing girls in all their grace.
很多汉语的并列短句之间存在隐含的逻辑关系(因果、假设、目的、方式等)，并句时要注意通过逻辑关联词等将这些逻辑关系表示出来。
- 这件事感动了上帝，他就派两个神仙下凡，把两座山背走了。
分析：原文含有因果关系，可通过so…that表示出来。
- God was so touched by this that he nt two angels down to the human world, who carried the mountains away on their backs.
- 他中等身材脸目方正，稍稍憔悴青白，两眼莹莹有光。
- Of average build, he had regular features. His face was pale and slightly drawn, but his eyes shone.
-分析：后两部分隐含转折关系，英语中应添加转折连词。
- 还是热，心里可镇定多了。凉风，即使是一点点，给了人们许多希望。
- 分析：原文虽有句号隔开，但不宜译为两句，因为前后部分含有一种因果关系，即后句说明前句的原因。
- It was still hot but everyone felt much better, for the breeze, though slight, brought them hope.
- 他的面容极富表情，时而讥讽，时而诙谐，时而仰天大笑。
- He has a very vivid face, now ironical, now witty, now laughing heartily with his face up.
-He had an extraordinary vivid face. Sometimes he is ironical. Sometimes he is jesting. Sometimes he burst into laughter with his head thrown back.
分析：原文传达的是一种迅速变化的表情，第一种译法通过几个短语的连用，给人一种“迅速”之感；反之，第二种译法给人一种滞重感，达不到原文的效果。大溪地黑珍珠
Class-work
1)一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。
3)时候既然是深冬，渐近故乡时，天气又阴晦了，冷风吹进船舱中呜呜地响。
练习答案讨论：
It was deep winter. When we came clo to the hometown, it became even dark and gloomy which brought cold and crying wind into the boat cabin.
