近40年中国喀喇昆仑山冰川变化的遥感监测
学生简历怎么写中文摘要
喀喇昆仑山位于我国新疆维吾尔自治区与巴基斯坦、印度等国的边境处，是世界中纬度山岳冰川最集中的地区。近年来喀喇昆仑山地区冰川出现与周围其他地区不同的变化特征，在总体退缩的背景下，有一部分冰川呈现稳定或微弱前进趋势，甚至出现了冰川跃动现象。研究喀喇昆仑山地区冰川的分布与变化特征并分析该地区冰川的末端异常活动现象具有重要的科学和社会意义。
本文采用Landsat遥感影像，在地理信息系统平台支持下，运用比值阈值法与目视解译相结合的方法，提取了1978、1991、2001、2015年中国喀喇昆仑山的冰川分布结果，对比分析各个时段的冰川进退变化，讨论近40年来中国喀喇昆仑山冰川在不同规模、不同坡向、不同坡度、不同海拔的冰川变化特征。接着本文分析了研究区跃动冰川末端的基本参数特征以及空间分布特征，并以不同时间维度分析了跃动冰川末端随时间的变化规律。最后，本文对研究区冰川变化的原因进行分析，利用研究区周边气象站点的气温与降水数据，分析各个时段的气候变化特征，讨论冰川变化对气候变化的响应关系，此外本文从多个角度探讨了冰川跃动的影响因素。得出的主要结论如下：
一、中国喀喇昆仑山冰川分布与变化特征
1．1978-2015年中国喀喇昆仑山冰川面积逐渐减少，退缩速率呈现由快变慢的趋势，尤其是2001-2015年，与前两个时段相比冰川年均退缩率明显减小。与我国西部其他山岳冰川的退缩情况相比，中国喀喇昆仑山冰川的退缩速度较慢。
2. 研究区冰川与青藏高原其他冰川不同的是，研究区有一部分冰川呈现稳定或微弱前进的趋势，甚至出现了跃动冰川。研究区冰川共1106条，其中213条冰川保持稳定状态，57条冰川呈前进状态，其他冰川则呈退缩状态。
3. 研究区小规模冰川的数量较多，而大规模冰川的总面积较大。近40年研究区各个规模的冰川均呈现退缩状态，小规模冰川的面积退缩率较大，规模越大的冰川，面积退缩率越小。大骨头汤的做法大全
4. 研究区冰川在各个坡向上分布得并不均匀，主要分布于北坡向和东北坡向，而西坡向的冰川面积最小。1978-2015年研究区各坡向的退缩程度有所不同，冰川消融速度较快的坡向是东坡、南坡和东南坡，而冰川消融速度较慢的是西坡、北坡和西北破。
5. 研究区冰川主要分布的坡度为0°～60°，并且冰川在平缓地带发育得更
好。1978-2015年研究区各个坡度等级的冰川均呈退缩趋势。其中坡度在35°～40°的冰川面积退缩率最大，随着坡度的增大，冰川退缩率呈现先增大后减小的趋势。
6. 研究区冰川分布的海拔高度范围是4400～6800m，随着海拔高度的升高，冰川面积呈现先增大后减小的趋势。1978-2015年每个海拔高度带的冰川面积均逐渐减少，冰川退缩率随海拔的升高而显著降低。
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二、典型冰川跃动现象
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1. 研究区有27处冰川末端在过短时间内发生过快速前进，初步判定为跃动冰川。冰川末端的跃动主要集中的第一个时段是1992-1996年，第二个时段是2004-2008年，第二个时间段的冰川跃动总体频率与第一时段相比更高。总的来说，1990-2015年研究区跃动冰川的发生有准周期性规律，并且跃动冰川的发生频率呈升高趋势。
2. 研究区跃动冰川末端的分布并不均匀，大多数分布在规模较大的大型冰川的冰舌部位，靠近河流的海拔较低处，并且在克勒清河河谷地区较为集中。
三、冰川变化的影响因素分析
1. 冰川变化的气候背景：1960-2015年研究区的气温与降水量均在波动中呈现上升趋势。以10a为滞后期分析发现，研究区冰川面积变化和跃动冰川变化对气温和降水变化有很好的响应关系。降水的增加在一定程度上抑制了研究区冰川的消融，导致中国喀喇昆仑山冰川退缩减缓甚至有冰川前进现象。
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2. 冰川跃动的影响因素：中国喀喇昆仑山的冰川跃动主要依赖于高海拔地形、气候背景以及冰川的形态结构。其中冰川形态结构对冰川跃动的影响主要体现在以下三个方面：①冰川作用正差较大的冰川更容易发生跃动；②冰川比降较大的冰川更容易发生跃动；③面积较大的冰川更容易发生跃动。
关键词：遥感，中国喀喇昆仑山，跃动冰川，气候变化
Monitoring Glacier Change Bad on Remote Sensing in China Karakoram for the Last Four Decades
Abstract
The Karakoram Mountains is located in the northwest edge of the Tibetan plateau, where there are various modern glaciers. In recent years, the glaciers of the Karakoram Moutains have remained stable and even advanced slightly. It has scientific and social significance to rearch the distributions and variations of the glaciers and analyze the changes of the ends of galciers in the Karakoram Mountains.
Bad on Landsat remote nsing images, with the support of the geographic information system platform, the outlines of glaciers in 1978, 1991, 2001, 2015 were extracted by the computer aided cl
assification and visual interpretation methods.The study compared the changes of glaciers at different times,and rearched the changes of the glaciers in many aspects,such as size,altitude,direction and slope.Then the study analyzed the basic characteristics of the terminal of surge glaciers in the study area,and discusd the laws of change of the surge glaciers. Finally, the study analyzes the cau of the glacial changes in the study area, using air temperature and precipitation data of meteorological sites that near to the study area, studied the characteristic of climate change in every period of time and discusd glacial changes in respon to climate change. In addition, the paper discuss the factors of glacier surging in veral aspects. We drawed the following conclusions:
陕西警官学校>钓鱼钩的绑法
The glacier distribution and variation characteristics:
1. The glacier area in China Karakoram was gradually decread from 1978 to 2015, and the average retreat rate of glaciers have showed the trend of fast to slow, especially in 2001-2015.Compared with other parts of the Tibet Plateau, the glaciers of China Karakoram glaciers retreated more slowly.
2. The glaciers have retreated on the whole nearly 40 years. However, it is different with other mount
ain glaciers that some glaciers have remained stable or advanced slightly and even surged. The amount of glaciers is 1106 in the study area, of which 213 glaciers have remained stable and 57 glaciers have advanced and others have retreated.
3. The number of small glaciers is the highest, and the area of large-scale glaciers
is the largest in the study area.The glaciers have retreated in every size grade.With the increasing of scale, the retreat rate of glacier has shrunk rate decreas.
4. The area of glaciers is vary widely in each direction, the glaciers mainly distributed in the northeast and north, and the glacies rarely distributed in the western slope. The retreat rate of glaciers is different in each direction, the retreat rate is bigger in the eastern, southeastern and southern slope, and then, the retreat rate is smaller in the northwest, north and west.
5. The glaciers are mainly distributed in the slope of 0° ~ 60°. The glaciers are shrinking trend of each grade level in 1978-2015. The retreat rate of glaciers is the largest in the slope in 35° ~ 40°, and glaciers in other slope is extremely gentle slope or steep region back slower, different slope glacier area shrinking rate line chart of normal distribution of the general form.
6. The glaciers in the study area are mainly distributed in the elevation of 4400 ~ 6800 m, the area of glaciers is approximately normally distributed with the change of altitude. The glacier area in each elevation was gradually reduced in 1978-2015, and glacial retreat rate increas with altitude and significantly reduced.
The typical glacial movement phenomenon:
1. There were 27 terminals of glaciers surged in the study area in 1978-2015, and they happened fast progress in a short time. The movement of glacier terminal mainly concentrated in two periods, 1992-1996 and 2004 ~ 2008, the cond time living more often than the first time. Overall, the study area from 1990 to 2015 the occurrence of most glaciers have approximate periodic law of normal distribution, frequency of glacier surging have showed a trend of ri.
2. The distribution of the terminals of surge glaciers is not uniform in the study area, most terminals distributed in large glacier ice tongue part of the larger scale, the lower part of the altitude, near the river and in the majority with horst koehler qinghe south.
The analysis of the caus of glacier change:
1. The average temperature and annual precipitation are ri in volatility in each meteorological sites in 1960-2015. We found that there was a good respon between the change of glacier area and the change of climate. The increa of precipitation curbed the melting of glaciers in the study area, so the glaciers in China Karakoram shrinked slowly and even growed slightly.
2. The glacier surges in China Karakoram mainly rely on the topography of
应该英文high-altitude,climatic background and glacier morphology.(1) the pressure at the top makes the structure of glacier ice body out of balance; (2) the unstable internal structure of the glacier itlf, as well as the internal accumulation of energy change; (3) the glaciers that long length, large area and the highest difference of the top and the bottom elevation are more likely to surge;(4) the glacier mass balance of ice plays an important role, an accumulating snow that is necessary to trigger the glacier movement.
Key words: remote nsing, the karakoram, surge glaciers, climate change
