理直气壮的反义词
在短期中,低通货膨胀通常是以高失业率为代价的,这是由短期内价格粘性造成的。 政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量,人们可用的货币量减少,但商品价格在短期内具有粘性仍居高不下,于是社会消费的商品和劳务量减少,消费量不足又会引起企业开工不足,导致失业。失业率高,通胀率低;失业率低,通胀率高。通货膨胀和失业之间是此消彼长、相互交替的关系。失业之间是此消彼长、相互交替的关系。
1.描述下列每种情形中当事人面对的权衡:描述下列每种情形中当事人面对的权衡:
a.某个家庭决定是否购买一辆新车;a tradeoff between the cost of the car and other things they might want to buy.
b.国会成员决定对国家公园拨多少款国会成员决定对国家公园拨多少款
the tradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts.(不增加拨款可少征税)(不增加拨款可少征税) c.公司总裁决定是否建个新工厂;the decision is bad on whether the new factory will increa the irm's pro its compared to other alternatives. (upgrade existing equipment or expand existing factories )increa pro it the most
d.某个教授决定用多少时间备课某个教授决定用多少时间备课
between the value of improving the qualityof the lecture compared to other things she could do with her time, such as working on additional rearch.
e.刚毕业的大学生决定是否读研究生刚毕业的大学生决定是否读研究生
2.你正决定是否去度假。度假的大部分成本(机票、住宿费和放弃的工资)是用货币衡量衡量
的,但度假的收益是心理上的。你如何比较度假的收益和成本?的,但度假的收益是心理上的。你如何比较度假的收益和成本?
two ways :1.compare the vacation with what you would do in its place 。decide if you'd rather have the new clubs or the vacation.
2.think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation
3.你正打算周六去做兼职,但你朋友让你去滑雪。去滑雪的真实成本是什么?现在假设你设你
本来打算周六在图书馆学习。在这种情形下,去滑雪的成本是什么?请解释。 its monetary and time costs, which includes the opportunity cost of the wages you are giving up by not working.
4.你在篮球比赛博彩中赢了你在篮球比赛博彩中赢了
100 元。对于这笔钱你有两个选择,你可以现在就花掉或者存或者存
入银行,银行利率为入银行,银行利率为 5%,你现在就将这笔钱花掉的机会成本是多大?,你现在就将这笔钱花掉的机会成本是多大?
you are giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now.
5.你管理的公司已经投资你管理的公司已经投资 500 万元开发某个新产品,但研发尚未结束。在最近一次会议上,会议上,
销售人员向你报告说由于竞争产品上市,该产品的期望销售额下降为销售人员向你报告说由于竞争产品上市,该产品的期望销售额下降为
300 万元。如果你还需果你还需
要再投入要再投入
100 万元才能完成该产品的研发,你会继续下去吗?为了完成研发,你最多愿意支多愿意支
付多杀钱?付多杀钱?
$5 million is the sunk cost. What matters now is the chance to earn pro its at the margin.
If you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, you'll earn $2 million in marginal pro it, so you should do so.
In fact, you'd pay up to $3 million ;any more than that, and you won't be increasing pro it at the margin.
6.社会保障系统为年龄超过社会保障系统为年龄超过
65 岁的老人提供收入。如果接受救济的某个老人决定去工作工作
以争取部分收入,那么他从社会保障得到的钱数通常就会减少。以争取部分收入,那么他从社会保障得到的钱数通常就会减少。
a. 提供社会保障对人们在工作期间(年轻时)的储蓄激励有何影响?提供社会保障对人们在工作期间(年轻时)的储蓄激励有何影响?
lowers an individual’s incentive to save for retirement.
The bene its provide some level of income to the individual when he or she retires. individual is not entirely dependent on savings to support consumption through the years in retirement.
黑洞里有什么b. 收入较高时保障金会下降,这对收入较高时保障金会下降,这对 65 岁以上老人的工作激励有何影响?岁以上老人的工作激励有何影响?
an incentive not to work (or not work as much) after age 65.
Becau the more you work, the lower your after-tax Social Security bene its will be.
7.某法案于某法案于
1996 年实施,它对美国联邦政府反困项目进行了改革,新法案规定某些被
救助者只能领取两年的救济金。救助者只能领取两年的救济金。
a. 这种改革对穷人的工作激励有何影响?这种改革对穷人的工作激励有何影响?
they have greater incentive to ind jobs
拿不出手打一个字b. 这种改革对平等和效率之间的权衡有何影响(更侧重于效率还是平等)?这种改革对平等和效率之
间的权衡有何影响(更侧重于效率还是平等)? the change in the law is one that increas ef iciency but reduces equity.
someone who can't ind a job will get no income at all, so the distribution of
income will become less equal. But the economy will be more ef icient, since
welfare recipients have a greater incentive to ind jobs.
8.你的室友做得饭菜比你好吃,但你打扫卫生的速度比他快。如果你的室友只做饭而你只打扫卫生,这比你们各干各的家务花费更多还是更少时间?再举一个类似的例子说明专业化和贸易如何使两个国家的状况更好。说明专业化和贸易如何使两个国家的状况更好。
By specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.(家庭杂务)(家庭杂务)
countries can specialize and trade, making both better off.
EX. make clothes and make wine ef iciently s produce all the clothes and French workers produce all the wine, and they exchange some wine for some clothes. 9.解释下列每一项政府行为的出发点是更关注平等还是更关注效率。如果是更关注效率,分析可能涉及的市场失灵情形。率,分析可能涉及的市场失灵情形。
a.管制有线电视价格;管制有线电视价格;
b.为某些穷人提供购买食品时可做钱使用的食品券;为某些穷人提供购买食品时可做钱使用的食品券;
c.在公共场所禁止吸烟;在公共场所禁止吸烟;
d.将标准石油公司(该石油公司一度拥有美国将标准石油公司(该石油公司一度拥有美国 90%的炼油厂)拆分成几家小公司;的炼油厂)拆分成几家小公司;
e.对高收入人群征收较高的个人所得税;对高收入人群征收较高的个人所得税;
f.颁布法律禁止酒后开车颁布法律禁止酒后开车
a. Ef iciency: The market failure comes from themonopoly(垄断) by the cable TV irm.
b. Equity
c. Ef iciency: An externality aris becau condhand smoke harms nonsmokers.
d. Ef iciency: The market failure occurs becau of Standard Oil's monopoly power.
e. Equity
f. Ef iciency: There is an externality becau of accidents caud by drunk drivers. 10.从平等和效率角度讨论下面每种说法。从平等和效率角度讨论下面每种说法。
a.“应该保证社会中的每个人得到最好的医疗服务。”
Ef iciency?currently doctors form a monopoly and restrict health care to keep their incomes high,so ef iciency would increa by providing more health care.
if the government mandated incread spending on health care, the
economy would be less ef icient becau it would give people more health care than they would choo to pay for.
From the point of view of equity, poor people are less likely to have adequate health care, an improvement. Each person would have a more even slice of
the economic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and less of other goods.
b.“工人在被解雇后,应该允许他们在找到新工作前一直领取失业保险金。” there’s a tradeoff between equity and ef iciency there’s a tradeoff between equity and ef iciency. .
When workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemployment bene its system to provide them with some income until they can ind new jobs.
But there’s an ef iciency problem⎯ The economy isn’t operating ef iciently if people remain unemployed for a long time, and unemployment bene its encourage
小儿化痰止咳颗粒unemployment.
So greater equity reduces ef iciency
11.你的生活水平和你父母和祖父母在你这般大时的生活水平,有哪些不同?为何能发生这些变化?生这些变化?
average incomehas incread over years, have a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents.
Cau: incread productivity: t an hour of work produces more goods and rvices than it ud to
Thus incomes have continuously rin over time, as has the standard of living. 12.假设美国人决定将他们的收入多储蓄一些。如果银行将多出的这部分储蓄借给商人, 商人用这些钱建立工厂,商人用这些钱建立工厂,这种做法如何加快了生产力的增长?你认为谁从较高的生产这种做法如何加快了生产力的增长?你认为谁从较高的生产力中得到了好处?社会能得到免费的午餐吗?力中得到了好处?社会能得到免费的午餐吗?
the same number of workers will have more equipment to work with.
the workers, get more payment since they're producing more
the factory owners get a return on their investments.
There is no such thing as a free lunch, however, becau when people save more, they are giving up spending. They get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.市场需求降低,生产的商品销售不出去,市场会陷入疲软,企业利润减少,会通过减少产量和裁减工人降低成本,社会经济会减缓甚至停滞。所以高储蓄换来的生产率提高只会使社会暂时获益无法持久。只会使社会暂时获益无法持久。
13. 2010 年,美国总统巴拉克.奥巴马和美国国会制定并通过了美国医疗服务改革法案。该法案有两个目的,一是为更多的美国人提供医疗保险(方法是对美国高收入家
庭征税然后用于补贴低收入家庭),二是降低医疗服务的成本(方法是对医疗服务提供系统进行各种改革)。
a.这些目的如何与平等和效率相关?这些目的如何与平等和效率相关?
通过向高收入家庭征税来对低收入家庭的补贴筹资,通过向高收入家庭征税来对低收入家庭的补贴筹资,使更多的低收入人群能享受到医使更多的低收入人群能享受到医疗保险得到更好的治疗,有助于改善社会的收入分配增进公平;疗保险得到更好的治疗,有助于改善社会的收入分配增进公平;
通过对医疗的提供方式进行改革降低医疗成本,更多的产出被用于医疗方面,提高了医疗产业的效率。医疗产业的效率。
b.为何医疗服务改革法案可能增加美国的生产力?为何医疗服务改革法案可能增加美国的生产力?
.对医疗提供方式进行多种改革,对医疗提供方式进行多种改革,提供多种灵活的医疗方式,提供多种灵活的医疗方式,更有效地利用了医疗领域的资源,促进更多产出,提高了美国的生产率。的资源,促进更多产出,提高了美国的生产率。
c.为何医疗服务改革法案可能降低美国的生产力?为何医疗服务改革法案可能降低美国的生产力?
医疗改革通过向高收入家庭征税补贴低收入家庭,让更多的美国人获得医疗保险,但因为每个人都能接受较好的医治,人们不会再为争取更好的医疗条件而努力工作,从而会降低社会的生产率而会降低社会的生产率
the economy would be less ef icient becau it would give people more health care than they would choo to pay for.
14. 在美国革命战争期间,美国各个殖民地无法筹集足够的税收资金来支持战争;为了弥补资金缺口,它们决定印刷发行更多的货币,这种做法有时称为“通货膨胀税”。当货币发行过多时,是向谁“征税”?为什么?当货币发行过多时,是向谁“征税”?为什么?
持有货币者被“征税”了。因为货币增加造成物价水平上升,货币的实际价值降低,每一单位美元的购买力下降。货币增加使得持有货币者的财富缩水,所能购买的商品
和劳务数量减少,就像是向每个持有货币的人征了税,引发了通货膨胀。
16. 通过增加公民的税收来支付新机场的建设费用,短期来说会增加公民负担,减少经济中的支出,导致失业率的上升及物价的下降;长期来看,新机场的建成为公民提供更多的便利和服务,从而可以提供啊社会的效率。便利和服务,从而可以提供啊社会的效率。
15.假设你是个政策制定者,你正在决定是否降低通货膨胀率。为了做出明智的决策,你应该了解有关通货膨胀、失业及二者之间权衡的哪些知识?你应该了解有关通货膨胀、失业及二者之间权衡的哪些知识?
Any attempt to reduce in lation will likely lead to higher unemployment in the short run.
what caus in lation and unemployment,
what determines the tradeoff between them. 通货膨胀和失业各自对经济产生的影响多大以及抑制通货膨胀(reduce in lation )的措施对失业率的影响程度、持续时间等。的措施对失业率的影响程度、持续时间等。
A policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the bene its of lower in lation compared to the cost of higher unemployment.
16.某个政策制定者正在决定如何为新机场的建设项目筹资。他可以使用向市民征税的方法或者使用发行更多货币的方法。说说每种方法的可能的短期结果和长期结果。 Raising taxes will lead to reducing spending in the economy.This will cau a short-run increa in unemployment and a drop in prices.
suppo
宝宝识字However, printing more money will cau a long-run ri in lation becau the value of money will be
lowered.
Unit 2
1.画出一个循环流向图。指出与下列每种活动相伴的产品和服务流向以及货币流向。
a.赛琳娜(Selena )向小卖部主人支付)向小卖部主人支付 1 元钱购买了一夸脱牛奶。元钱购买了一夸脱牛奶。
b.司徒雷登(Stuart )在快餐店工作,每小时挣)在快餐店工作,每小时挣 4.50 元。元。
c.珊娜(Shanna )花了)花了 30 元钱理发。元钱理发。
d.珊莉(Sally )因拥有阿克姆企业)因拥有阿克姆企业 10%的产权而赚取了的产权而赚取了 10,000 元。元。
2.某个社会生产军用品与民用消费品,我们分将它们称为“枪炮”和“黄油”。
a.画出枪炮和黄油的生产可能性边界。使用机会成本的概念解释为什么这一曲线是向外弓起的。是向外弓起的。
Figure 6 shows a production possibilities frontier between guns and butter. It is
夕阳英语
bowed out becau the opportunity cost of butter depends on how much butter and how many guns the economy is producing. When the economy is producing a lot of butter, workers and machines best suited to making guns are being ud to make butter, so each unit of guns given up yields a small increa in the production of butter. Thus, the frontier is steep and the
公文范例opportunity cost of producing butter is high. When the economy is producing a lot of guns, workers and machines best suited to making butter are being ud to make guns, so each unit of guns given up yields a large increa in the production of butter. Thus, the frontier is very lat and the opportunity cost of producing butter is low.
c. 在图中找到该经济无法实现的一点。再找到一个可行但无效率的点。在图中找到该经济无法实现的一点。再找到一个可行但无效率的点。