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01Passage Six Questions 51 to 55 are bad on the following passage.
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Female applicants to postdoctoral positions in geosciences were nearly half as likely to receive excellent letters of recommendation, compared with their male counterparts. Christopher Intagliata reports.
As in many other fields, gender bias is widespread in the sciences. Men score higher starting salaries, have more mentoring(), and have better odds of being hired. Studies
STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields. And new rearch reveals that men are more likely to receive excellent letters of recommendation, too. says Kuheli Dutt, a social scientist and diversity officer at was productive, or intelligent, or a solid scientist or
at
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Dutt and her colleagues studied more than 1,200 letters of recommendation for postdoctoral positions i
n geoscience. They were all edited for gender and other identifying information, so Dutt and her team could assign them a score without knowing the gender of the student. They found that female applicants were only half as likely to get outstanding letters, compared withtheir male counterparts. That includes letters of recommendation from all over the world, and written by, yes, men and women. The findings are in the journal Nature
三年级写事作文Geoscience.
Dutt says they were not able to evaluate the actual scientific qualifications of the applicants using the data in the files. But she says the results still suggest women in geoscience are at a potential disadvantage from the very beginning of their careers starting with tho less than out-standing letters of recommendation.
call anyone consciously xist. Rather, the point is to u the results of this study toopen upmeaningful dialogues on implicit gender bias, be it at a departmental level or an institutional
recommendations for the letter writers themlves.
51. What do we learn about applicants to postdoctoral positions in geosciences?
A)There are many more men applying than women.
B)Chances for women to get the positions are scarce.田福军原型
C)More males than females are likely to get outstanding letters of recommendation.设备购买合同
D)Male applicants have more interest in the positions than their female counterparts.
52. What do studies about men and women in scientific rearch show?
A) Women engaged in postdoctoralwork are quickly catching up.
B) Fewer women are applying for postdoctoralpositions due to gender bias.
C) Men are believed to be better able to excel in STEM
disciplines.
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D) Women who are keenly interested in STEM fields are often exceptional.
53. What do the studies find about the recommendation letters for women applicants?
A) They are hardly ever supported by concrete examples.
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B) They contain nothing that distinguishes the applicants.
C) They provide objective information without exaggeration.
D) They are often filled with prai for exceptional applicants.
54. What did Dutt and her colleagues do with the more than 1,200 letters of recommendation?
A) They asked unbiad scholars to evaluate them.
38节活动B) They invited women professionals to edit them.
C) They assigned them randomly to reviewers.
D) They deleted all information about gender.
55. What does Dutt aim to do with her study?
awareness of gender bias in their letters.
B) Open up fresh avenues for women post-doctors to join in rearach work.
祁县旅游景点大全C) Alert women rearchers to all types of gender bias in the STEM disciplines.
D) Start a public discussion on how to rai women s status in academic circles.
02Passage two
Questions 51 to 55 are bad on the following passage.
Twenty years ago, the Urban Land Institute defined the two
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types of cities that dominated the US landscape: smaller cities
that operated around standard 9-5 business hours and large metropolitan areas that ran all 24 hours of the day. Analyzing and comparing cities using the lens of this basic divide gives interesting context to how investment capital flows and housing prices have shifted.
In recent years, many mid-sized cities have begun to adopt a middle-of-the-road approach incorporating the excitement and opportunity of large cities with small cities' quiet after midnight. The 18-hour cities are beginning to make waves in real estate rankings and attract more real estate investment. What is underlying this new movement in real estate, and why do the cities have so much appeal?
18-hour cities combine the best of 24-hour and 9-5 cities, which contributes to downtown revitalization. For decades, many downtown cores in small to mid-sized cities were abandoned after work hours by workers who lived in the suburbs. Movement out of city centers was widespread, and downtown tenants were predominantly made up of the working poor. This generated little commerce for downtown business in the evenings, which made business and generating tax revenue for municipal upkeep difficult. With the ri of a new concept in urban planning that aims to make life easier and more convenient, however, increasing popularity for urban areas that cad the real estate pushes, in major cities like San Francisco or New York, has inspired a type of forward thinking urbanity and in smaller cities.
Transforming downtown areas so that they incorporate
modern housing and improved walkability to local restaurants,
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retail, and entertainment especially when combined with improved infrastructure for cyclists and public transit makes them appeal to a more affluent demographic. The adjustments encourage employers in the knowledge and talent industries to keep their offices downtown. Access to foot traffic and proximity to transit allow the type of entertainment-oriented business such as bars and restaurants to stay open later, which attracts both younger, creative workers and baby boomers nearing retirement alike. Becau of their smaller size, most keep hours that allow people to enjoy themlves, then have some quiet after midnight, as oppod to large major cities like New York, where the buzz of activity is ongoing.
The 18-hour cities are rapidly on the ri and offer great opportunities for homeowner investment. In many of the cities such as Denver, a diver and vigorous economy attracted to the urban core has offered stable employment for residents. The right urban mix has propped up home occupancy, incread property values, and attracted significant investment capital.
51. What do we learn about American cities twenty years ago?
A) They were divided into residential and business areas.
B) Their housing prices were linked with their prosperity.
C) There was a clear divide between large and small cities.
D) They were places where large investment capital flowed.
52. What can be inferred from the passage about 18-hour cities?
A) They especially appeal to small business.
B) They have en a ri in property prices.
C) They have replaced quiet with excitement.
D) They have changed America's landscape.
53. Years ago, many downtown cores in small to mid-sized
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