手抄报光盘行动UK pirate radio (unlicend illegal broadcasting) was popular in the 1960s and experienced another surge of interest in the 1980s.[1] There are currently an estimated 150 pirate radio stations in the UK. A large proportion of the pirate radio stations operate in London, with significant clusters in Harlesden and the wider London Borough of Brent, Crystal Palace, Stoke Newington, the London Borough of Southwark, the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and London Borough of Lambeth.[2]
英国海盗电台（无牌非法广播）是在20世纪60年代流行的，经历了20世纪80年代的另一个兴趣激增。[1]目前，在英国大约150名海盗电台。大部份这些海盗电台工作在伦敦，有显著集群哈勒斯登和更广泛的伦敦自治市镇布伦特，水晶宫，斯托克纽因顿，南华伦敦自治市镇，伦敦塔桥和兰贝斯区的伦敦自治市镇。[2]
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"Pirate radio" in the UK first became widespread in the early 1960s when pop music stations such as Radio Caroline and Radio London started to broadcast on medium wave to the UK from offshore ships or disud a forts. At the time the stations were not illegal becau they were broadcasting from international waters. The stations were t up
by entrepreneurs and music enthusiasts to meet the growing demand for pop and rock music, which was not catered for by the legal BBC Radio rvices.[3][4]
我的挚爱在英国，“海盗电台”首当流行音乐电台等电台卡罗琳和伦敦广播电台开始播出的海上船舶或废弃的海上堡垒中波英国成为20世纪60年代初普遍。当时这些站不是非法的，因为他们是从国际水域广播。该站共设置了创业者和音乐爱好者，以满足对流行音乐和摇滚音乐，而不是由法律BBC广播服务的满足日益增长的需求。[3] [4]
The first British pirate radio station was Radio Caroline, which started broadcasting from a ship off the Esx coast in 1964. By 1967 ten pirate radio stations were broadcasting to an estimated daily audience of 10 to 15 million. The format of this wave of pirate radio was influenced by Radio Luxembourg and American radio stations. Many followed a top 40 format with casual DJs, making UK pirate radio the antithesis of BBC radio at the time.[5] Spurred on by the offshore stations, veral landbad pirate stations took to the air on medium wave at weekends, such as Telstar 1 in 1965, and RFL in 1968.
第一个英国海盗电台是电台卡罗琳，开始从船离开埃塞克斯海岸于1964年播出到1967年10
海盗电台被播出，估计观众每天10至15亿美元。这波海盗电台的格式是由卢森堡广播电台和美国广播电台的影响。许多遵循前40名的格式与休闲的DJ，使得英国海盗电台BBC电台的对立面的时候。[5]由离岸站带动下，几个陆基海盗电台升空就中波在周末，如通讯卫星1于1965年，重建家庭联系以及在1968年。
According to Andrew Crill, UK pirate radio broke the BBC's virtual monopoly of radio to meet demand that had been neglected. In reaction to the popularity of pirate radio BBC radio was restructured in 1967, establishing BBC Radio 1, Radio 2, Radio 3 and Radio 4. A number of DJs of the newly created pop music rvice BBC Radio 1 came from pirate stations. The UK Government also clod the international waters loophole via the Marine Broadcasting Offences Act of 1967, although Radio Caroline continued to broadcast (with some sizable off-air periods between 1968–72 and 1980–83) until 1990.[3][5]
据安德鲁Crill，英国海盗电台打破了无线电的英国广播公司的垄断地位，以满足被忽视的需求。在反应的海盗电台BBC广播的普及进行了重组于1967年，成立BBC电台1，第二
台，第三台和无线电4.一些新创建的流行音乐服务，BBC电台1的DJ来自海盗电台。英国政府还关闭了1967年通过的海事广播犯罪法的国际水域漏洞，但卡罗琳电台继续广播（与1968年至1972年和1980年至1983年之间的一些相当大的停播期），直到1990年。[3] [5]
葛粉的作用
辞职报告单There are currently an estimated 150 pirate radio stations in the UK. A large proportion of the pirate radio stations operate in London, with significant clusters in Harlesden, Crystal Palace, Stoke Newington, Southwark and Lambeth.[2] Set-up costs for pirate radio stations are minimal with a transmitter generally built by the engineer of the station. In days gone by the were powered by car batteries, but when the Pirates moved to tower blocks, the power came directly from the block room. Pirate radio stations may receive income from advertising and publicising events at nightclubs. DJs may pay to broadcast on pirate radio stations to gain public exposure.[2]
In November 2006 Ofcom commissioned rearch among residents of the London boroughs of Hackney, Haringey and Lambeth, finding that about 24 percent of all adults aged 14 or older living within the three London boroughs listen to pirate radio stations. Th
e rearch found that 37 percent of students aged 14–24 and 41 percent of the African-Caribbean community listened to pirate radio. The development and promotion of grass-roots talent, the urban music scene and minority community groups were identified as key drivers for pirate radio. According to the rearch both pirate radio listeners and tho running pirate radio stations thought that licend broadcasters failed to cater sufficiently for the needs of the public at large. Pirate radio was regarded as the best place to hear new music and particularly urban music. Furthermore pirate radio stations were appreciated for their local relevance by providing information and advertiments about local community events, business and club nights.[10]
拼音a的正确写法Voice Of Africa Radio is a former pirate station rving London's African and Caribbean communities, which has become licenced and is now a community radio station. Rin FM has also followed suit and is now licend as a community radio station, who work with children excluded from school and educated in pupil referral units as part of their community training remit.
玫瑰花几月开放One of the UK's leading Pirate Radio stations can be found on 87.5fm or through the website , they speciali in bringing back the original "old skool" pirate feel, broadcasting night and day through both FM frequency of 87.5 and through their website and also they are available on the Tune In App under the ur "uk raw radio". UK Raw was established in 2014 and delivers all styles and genres of music played by some of the leading underground DJ's some of whom are known on the music scene and lesr known DJ's who are aiming to boost their careers through showcasing their talents on the station.
