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Integrated Circuits集成电路
The Integrated Circuit
Digital logic and electronic circuits derive their functionality from electronic switches called
transistor. 反驳（数字逻辑和电子电路由称为晶体管的电子开关得到它们的（各种）功能。）Roughly speaking, the transistor can be likened to an electronically controlled valve whereby energy applied to one connection of the valve enables energy to flow between two other connections.By combining multiple transistors, digital logic building blocks such as AND gates and flip-flops are formed. Transistors, in turn, are made from miconductors. （粗略地说，晶体管好似一种电子控制阀，由此加在阀一端的能量可以使能量在另外两个连接端之间流动。通过多个晶体管的组合就可以构成数字逻辑模块，如与门和触发电路等。而晶体管是由半导体构成的。）Consult a periodic table of elements in a college chemistry textbook, and you will locate miconductors as a group of elements parating the metals and nonmetals.They are called miconductors becau of their ability to behave as both metals and nonmetals.（查阅大学化学书中的元素周期表，你会查到半导体是介于金属与非金属之间的一类元素。它们之所以被叫做半导体是由于它们表现出来的性质类似于金属和非金属。）A miconduct
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or can be made to conduct electricity like a metal or to insulate as a nonmetal does. The differing electrical properties can be accurately controlled by mixing the miconductor with small amounts of other elements. This mixing is called doping.（可使半导体像金属那样导电，或者像非金属那样绝缘。通过半导体和少量其它元素的混合可以精确地控制这些不同的电特性。这种混合技术称之为“半导体掺杂”。）A miconductor can be doped to contain more electrons (N-type) or fewer electrons (P-type). Examples of commonly ud miconductors are silicon and germanium. Phosphorous and boron are two elements that are ud to dope N-type and P-type silicon, respectively. （半导体通过掺杂可以包含更多的电子（N型）或更少的电子（P型）。常用的半导体是硅和锗，N型硅半导体掺入磷元素，而P型硅半导体掺入硼元素。 ）
A transistor is constructed by creating a sandwich of differently doped miconductor layers. The two most common types of transistors, the bipolar-junction transistor (BJT) and the field-effect transistor (FET) are schematically illustrated.This figure shows both the silicon structures of the elements and their graphical symbolic reprentation as would be en in a circuit diagram. The BJT shown is an NPN transistor, becau it is compod of a sandwich of N-P-N doped silicon.（不同掺杂的半导体层形成的三明治状夹层结构可以构成一个晶体管，最常见的两类晶体管是双极型晶体管（BJT）和场效应晶体管（FET），这些晶体管的硅结
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构，以及它们用于电路图中的符号。BJT是NPN型晶体管，因为由N—P—N掺杂硅三层构成。）When a small current is injected into the ba terminal, a larger current is enabled to flow from the collector to the emitter.The FET shown is an N-channel FET, which is compod of two N-type regions parated by a P-type substrate. When a voltage is applied to the insulated gate terminal, a current is enabled to flow from the drain to the source. It is called N-channel, becau the gate voltage induces an N-channel within the substrate, enabling current to flow between the N-regions. （当小电流注入基极时，可使较大的电流从集电极流向发射极。）（图示的FET是N沟道的场效应型晶体管，它由两块被P型基底分离的N型组成。）（将电压加在绝缘的栅极上时，可使电流由漏极流向源极。）（它被叫做N沟道是因为栅极电压诱导基底上的N通道，使电流能在两个N区域之间流动。）
Another basic miconductor structure is a diode, which is formed simply by a junction of N-type and P-type silicon.（另一个基本的半导体结构是二极管，由N型和P型硅连接而成的结组成。）Diodes act like one-way valves by conducting current only from P to N.Special diodes can be created that emit light when a voltage is applied. Appropriately enough, the components are called light emitting diodes, or LEDs. （二
极管的作用就像一个单向阀门，由于电流只能从P流向N。）（可以构建一些特殊二极管，加电压时可以发光，这些器件被叫做发光二极管或LED。）The small lights are manufactured by the millions and are found in diver applications from telephones to traffic lights. （这种小灯泡数以百万计地被制造出来，有各种各样的应用，从电话机到交通灯。 ）
The resulting small chip of miconductor material on which a transistor or diode is fabricated can be encad in a small plastic package for protection against damage and contamination from the out-side world.Small wires are connected within this package between the
miconductor sandwich and pins that protrude from the package to make electrical contact with other parts of the intended circuit. Once you have veral discrete transistors, digital logic can be built by directly wiring the components together. The circuit will function, but any substantial amount of digital logic will be very bulky, becau veral transistors are required to implement eachof the various types of logic gates.
白灼大虾的做法（半导体材料上制作晶体管或二极管所形成的小芯片用塑料封装以防损伤和被外界污染。在这封装里一些短线连接半导体夹层和从封装内伸出的插脚以便与（使用该晶体管的）电路其余部分连接。一旦你有了一些分立的晶体管，直接用电线将这些器件连线在一起就可以构建数字逻辑（电路）。电路会工作，但任何实质性的数字逻辑（电路）都将十分庞大，因为要在各种逻辑门中每实现一种都需要多个晶体管。）
At the time of the invention of the transistor in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the only way to asmble multiple transistors into a single circuit was to buy
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parate discrete transistors and wire them together. （1947年，John Bardeen、Walter Brattain和and William Shockley发明晶体管的时候。将多个晶体管组装在一个电路上的唯一方法就是购买多个分离的晶体管，将它们连在一起。）In 1959, Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce independently invented a means of fabricating multiple transistors on a single slab of miconductor material. Their invention would come to be known as the integrated circuit, or IC, which is the foundation of our modern computerized world.（1959年，Jack Kilby 和 Robert Noyce各自独立地发明了一种将多个晶体管做在同一片半导体材料上的方法。这个发明就是集成电路，或IC，是我们现代电脑化世界的基础。）市场调查问卷>我敬佩的人An IC is so called becau it integrates multiple transistors and diodes onto the same small miconductor chip. Instead of having to solder individual wires between discrete components, an IC contains many small components that are already wired together in the desired topology to form a circuit.
