利用七大锦囊,突破阅读猜词
强制通风
作者:***
来源:《求学·新高考版》2022年第01期
猜詞悟义是英语阅读理解的重要考点之一,近几年高考试题中都会有一个小题考查词义猜测。从2015年开始,《考试说明》便把以往考纲中的“根据上下文推断生词的词义”修订为“根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义”。这一变化需引起我们的高度关注,这说明高考对猜词悟义能力的考查范围更广了、要求更高了。笔者在此为考生提供应对猜词悟义的七个锦囊,希望能够帮助大家解答好此类题目。
利用释义法解题
在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中,作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。通过阅读定义或解释部分,读者便可理解该词或短语的意思。
【考例1】(2021年全国甲卷,C篇)
邀请的英文
9. What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean?
元宵图片
A.Be careful! B.Well done! C.No way! D.Don’t worry!
【解析】原文:A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that’s what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.
本题可以用释义法解题。根据画线部分后面的解释“And that’s what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.(那才是真正重要的——掌握了滑板的落地技巧,才能成为一名好的滑板玩家。)”可知,作者掌握了滑板落地技巧,因此他的朋友大声欢呼,由此可以推出本句的“Safe”有赞美之意,故选B项。
【考例2】(2020年5月天津卷,C篇)
47. The expression “added bonus” refers to the fact that electric planes .
A. give pasngers more pleasant views
B. bring airlines more financial benefits
C. offer more enjoyable flying experiences
D. cost less in maintenance than traditional ones
四支僵劲不能动 【解析】原文:There’s also the added bonus that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noi, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet.
“added bonus”后面的that从句是同位语从句,解释说明“added bonus”的内容(坐电动飞机更舒服)。“No loud engine noi, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet.”一句则进一步解释说明,电动飞机飞行时没有发动机的噪音,没有燃油的气味,环境安静和谐,这意味着人们能够获得更加愉悦的飞行体验,故选C项。
利用构词法解题
英语单词可以通过添加词缀、合成或转化的方式构成新词或生成新的词义。同学们要
熟记一定数量的词根、前缀和后缀,从而达到通过“解剖”一个单词,对一个生词能够“望文生义”的效果,同时结合文章的语境来猜测词义。
红领巾心向党手抄报内容 【考例1】(2016年全国II卷,B篇)
27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
本一
A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden.
【解析】原文:Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing tho students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But I’m just not creative.”
downside是由“down(向下)+ side(方面)”构成的合成词,并且后文提到“作者冒着失去那些有不同思维风格的学生的风险”。因此,我们可以猜测该词的意思是“不足,缺点”,故选B项。
【考例2】(2010年福建卷,B篇)
60. The underlined word “outlawed” in Paragraph 2 probably means “ ”.
A. allowed B. banned C. offered D. refud
浑厚
【解析】原文:Five million more families in sub-Saharan Africa will get a TV over the next five years. In 2005 , after the fall of the Taliban(塔利班), which had outlawed TV, 1 in 5 Afghans had one. The global total is another 150 million by 2013 — pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families.
本题可以利用构词法结合文意猜测词义。“out”作为前缀构成动词时,有“超越,超过”的意思,与“law”连用,意思是“超越了法律”,即为法律所不容。再结合句子“In 2005, after the fall of the Taliban(塔利班), which had outlawed TV, 1 in 5 Afghans had one.”可知,2005年塔利班政权垮台以后,五分之一的阿富汗人有了电视机,而在这之前电视应该是“被禁止的”。故选B项,“ban”有“禁止”之意。
利用因果法解题
若画线单词或短语前后句子之间构成因果关系,那我们便可以根据这种因果逻辑关系
周一涵推知单词或短语的意义。根据前面的原因可以推测后面的结果,根据后面的结果也可以反推前面的原因。因果关系的语境通常由becau、so、thus、therefore、as a result of、since、so that、等标志词体现。
【考例1】(2020年全国II卷,C篇)
30. What does the underlined word “collapd” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Boomed. B. Became mature.
C. Remained stable. D. Crashed.
【解析】原文:The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapd in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
由“The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades”这一句可知,几十年来,毛皮贸易使海狸鼠的数量处于控制之下。根据画线词后的“the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy”可知,这种大小像猫的动物开始疯狂地繁殖,由此推知含有画线词的这一句指出了原因“20世纪80年代末海狸鼠市场‘崩溃’了”,故选D项。
【考例2】(2019年全国II卷,B篇)
25. What does the underlined phra “tug at the heartstrings” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. Encourage team work. B. Appeal to feeling.
C. Promote good deeds. D. Provide advice.
【解析】原文:I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on … At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”
由逻辑词“so”可知,此处可以借助因果逻辑关系猜测词义句意。画线部分的前一句提到“她可能需要有人劝说一下”,故“tug at the heartstrings”應该有“劝说”的意思。“appeal to feeling”意思是“打动某人,唤起某人的情感”,故选B项。
利用同义法解题