1. Romantic period
2. Washington Irving
3. Edgar Allan Poe
4. Nathanial Hawthorne
5. Walt Whitman
沧海桑田的故事6. Emily Dickinson
7. II. Realist period
8. Mark Twain
9. 下颌中切牙 Sherwood Anderson
10. Stephen Crane
11. Theodore Dreir
12. III. Modern period
13. 整蛊新郎的游戏 F. S. Fitzgerald
14. Ernest Hemingway
耳洞发炎用什么药15. William Faulkner
睿字取名1.Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800’s, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the Oversoul, and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, lf-reliant. New England Transcendentalism is the product of a combination of native American Puritanism and European Romanticism.
2.Naturalism
Naturalism, a more deliberate kind of realism, usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. As a literary movement, naturalism was initiated in France and it came to be led by Zola, who claimed at “scientific” status for his studies of impoverished characters mirably subjected to hunger, xual obssion, and hereditary defects. Natural fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully rearched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society. The most significant work of naturalism in English being Dreir’s Sister Carrie.
3.American Dream
The American Dream is the faith held by many people in the United States of America that through hard work, courage and determination one can achieve a better life for onelf, usually through financial prosperity. The were values held by many early European ttlers, and have been pasd on to subquent generations.
4.The Lost Generation
The term Lost Generation was coined by Gertrude Stein to refer to a group of American Literary notables who lived in Paris from the time period which saw the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. Significant members included Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, T. S. Eliot, and Gertrude Stein herlf. Hemingway likely popularized the term, quoting Stein (“You are all a lost generation”) as epigraph to his novel The Sun Also Ris. More generally, the term is being ud for the young adults of Europe and America during World War I. They were “lost” becau after the war many of them were disillusioned with the world in general and unwilling to more into a ttled life
5. Modernism
Modern writing is marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of expression; it believes that we create the world in the act of perceiving it. Modernism implies historical discontinuity, a n of alienation, of loss, and of despair. It
elevates the individual and his inner being over social man and prefers the unconscious to the lf-conscious.
6. Romanticism
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7. Puritanism
The principles and practices of puritans were popularly known as Puritanism. Puritanism accepted the doctrines of Calvinism: the sovereignty of God; the supreme authority of the Bible; the irresistibility of God’s will for man in every act of life from cradle to grave. The doctrines led the Puritans to examine their souls to find whether they were of the elect and to arch the Bible to determine God’s will.
8. Hemingway Heroes / Code Hero
“Hemingway Heroes” refer to some protagonists in Hemingway’s works. Such a hero usu
ally is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, nsitive and intelligent. And usually he is a man of action and of a few words. He is such an individualist, alone even when with other people, somewhat an outsider, keeping emotions under control, stoic and lf-disciplined in a dreadful place where one can not get happiness. The Hemingway heroes stand for a whole generation. In a world which is esntially chaotic and meaningless, a Hemingway hero fights a solitary struggle against a force he does not even understand. The awareness that it must end in defeat, no matter how hard he strives, engenders a n of despair. But Hemingway heroes posss a kind of “despairing courage” as Bertrand Rusll terms. It is this courage that enables a man to behave like a man, to asrt his dignity in face of adversity. Surely Hemingway heroes differ, one from another, in their view of the world. The difference which comes gradually in view is an index to the subtle change which Hemingway’s outlook had undergone.
Expressionism
Expressionism refers to a movement in Germany early in the 20th century, in which a nu
mber of painters sought to avoid the reprentation of external reality and, instead, to project a highly personal or subjective vision of the world. The main principle involved is that expression determines form, and therefore imagery, punctuation, syntax, and so forth. In brief, any of the formal rules and elements of writing can be bent or disjointed to suit the purpo. Theatrically, expressionism was a reaction against realism in that it tends to show inner psychological realities. O’Neill’黑白风景图s plays are some of the best examples.
The Imagist Movement (Imagism)
Led by Ezra Pound and flourished from 1909 to 1917, the movement advanced modernism in arts which concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as oppod to Romanticism, especially Tennyson' s wordiness and high-flown language in poetry. The three principles followed by the Imagists were:
