2010级翻译第五次材料:
Step one: lead-in——some related question
1. How do you deal with the words of the two different languages in ntences?
2. Do you know any technique that can be applied to deal with the words?
Step two: introduction to the related knowledge
A. Transformation of meaning
在英汉两种语言的翻译过程中，对词义的理解、翻译和转换至关重要。英语和汉语词汇并不是“一一对应”的关系。
英国哲学家维根斯坦(Ludwing Wittgenstain) 说过怎么捐款“The meaning of the word is its u in the language.” 英国伦敦语言学派创始人弗斯(J.R. Firth)也指出“Each word when ud in a new context, is a new word.”.
1. 词义的选择
(1). 根据上下文选择词义
eg.
1. She’s got black hair and green eyes.
2. His words kept my memory green.
3. Tom was green when he heard his roommate had found a good job.
笔记本忘记开机密码怎么办4. He is still green at job.
5. We had a green winter last year.
6. The apples are too green to eat.
(2). 根据词类确定词义
英语中的一些词汇，由于词性不同，词义也不同。翻译时应先判断该词在句子中的词类，再确定词义。
Eg.: Back
1. The boy riding on the hor’s back is Jim.
骑在马背上的那个男孩是吉姆。
2. I know a back way from our place to the town.
我知道从我们的地方返回到镇上的一条路。
3. The car backed through the gate.
这辆车倒出大门。
英语中有时还会出现在同一个句子中出现不同词性、不同词义的同一个单词多次。
Eg.
1. I saw him with a saw in a sawmill.
我看到他在用锯子锯木头。
2. The teacher prents every student prent a prent.
老师提出了每个学生都提交了一份礼物。
3. Mike papers the walls with yellow paper.
迈克用黄纸贴墙。
4. It is wi to object to the unknown object.
反对未知对象是明智的
5. He derts the little dog in the dert.
他在荒原遗弃了一条小狗。
6. My mother is ironing the clothes with a new iron.
我妈妈在用熨斗熨衣服。
2. 词义的褒贬
a. 一些词本身含有褒义或贬义
Eg.
1. It was a noble attempt to bring peace to the conflict.
崇高的尝试
2. His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.
他的恶名
3. We are determined to fight for the sovereignty of our country.
我们决心为我们国家的独立而战
4. His is so stubborn that he would not accept any of our proposals.
他是如此的顽固，不接受我们的任何建议。
b. 英语中的一些中性词需要根据上下文译为褒义词或贬义词。
Eg.
1. His victory was largely a result of his aggressive election campaign.
他的胜利在很大程度上是由于他的激进的竞选活动。
2. Aggressive nations threaten world peace.
激进的国家威胁世界和平。
3. Linda got a clever idea for getting us out of our prent situation.
琳达有一个聪明的主意让我们摆脱我们的现状。
4. He was too clever for us.
他对我们来说太聪明了。
5. She suggests an imaginative scheme to rai money.
她建议富有想象力的计划，以筹集资金。
6. They’ve devid a 年糕英语scheme to defraud the government of millions of dollars.
他们设计了一项计划，诈骗政府的数以百万计的美元。
英语中像这样既可是褒义又可是贬义的词还有如：
result 成果；苦果
envy 羡慕；嫉妒
invade 进攻；入侵
story 故事；谎话
pride 自豪；自大
trick 窍门；诡计
c. 由于文化差异，英语中的褒义词在汉语中是贬义词，或者英语中的贬义词在汉语中是褒义词
Eg.
peasant, propaganda, middle-of-the-way, etc.
3. 词义的引申
捉迷藏游戏
a. 将词义加以转换
Eg.
1. A personnel deficit has existed for years.
人员赤字已经存在多年。
2. The high cost of this new product has discouraged its commercial u.
这种新产品的高费用，致使其商业用途降低。
b. 词义加以抽象化引申
当英语中用一个具体形象的词来表示一种属性或一种概念时，需要考虑该词所表达的确切含义，然后将该词作抽象化引申。
Eg.
1. For twins they are dissimilar. Bob is tall and active while Tom is short and middle-aged.
活跃的，稳重的
2. Every life has its ros and thorns.
每个人的生活都有甜有苦
c. 词义加以具体化引申
当英语中用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示某一具体事物时，要掌握该词的确切含义，在译文中作具体化引申。
Eg.
1. The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors in Beijing.
长城是大多数外国游客在北京的必由之路。
2. At thirty-two, she had first learned what it is to be an immigrant.
约分
三十二岁，在她第一次就学会了什么是移民。
B. Conversion of Words Category
1. 英译汉
(1). 英语名词的转译
土豆糯米饼a. 名词转换成动词
英语中由动词派生出来的名词，具有动作意义的名词，以及以er-, or-结尾表示职业的名词，常常转译为汉语动词。(一些习语也可以译为动词，如：have a rest, have a look, etc.)
由动词派生的名词转译成动词，在政治文体中出现较多。
含有动作意味的名词转译成动词，在记叙、描写文体中出现较多。
Eg.
1. We are the most consistent opponents of hegemonism(霸权主义) and power politics.
我们一贯反对霸权主义和强权政治。
2. The movie is a reflection of the cowboys’ lives in the American West.
这部电影是在美国西部牛仔的生活的反映。
3. Many young people call for the reform of divorce laws.
许多年轻人要求离婚法律改革。
4. The building is an example of early Chine architecture.
这个建筑是早期的中国建筑的典范。
5. She has an excellent command of French.
她有流利的法语。
6. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.
听见看到我们的喷气式飞机, 令我特别神往。
7. David is a lover of Chine culture.
大卫是中国文化的热爱者。
8. She is a good listener and everyone loves to chat with her.
她是一个好的听众，每个人都喜欢和她聊天。
b. 电脑硬件有哪些名词转换成形容词
英语中一些名词，尤其是由形容词派生而来的名词，在翻译时转换为形容词。
Eg.
1. The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling the moment.
她苍白的脸色明确表示，她当时的感受。
2. She recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries.
她承认他们通过中介机构打交道的荒谬。
3. We realize the enormity of the problem of feeding the world’s population.
