什么是批判性阅读？学⽣如何掌握批判性阅读？
很多学⽣都说美国⾼考SAT或ACT的阅读很难⾼分，难在哪⾥？难在于考的Critical Reading。这个Critical的英语与中⽂的⽂字上直译为：批判性阅读。传统的中⽂好像还没有这个词呢。我们传统讲的只是“读书”、“阅读”。到底这个“批判性阅读”需要如何去读？
这个是美国在英语阅读的教育上所提倡的阅读教学，在⼀些国家，批判性阅读被认为是考核学⽣的学习能⼒，⽽且对于学⽣有效的阅读起着⾄关重要的作⽤。我觉得这个Critical不能直译为中⽂“批判性”，因为它并不是带着"批判性"这个词的意思，但确实找不到更准确的⽂字来翻译，近年来⼤家已成习俗这种说法
什么是批判性阅读？这个就是跟“略读”、"粗读”相反的阅读模式：深⼊去理解⽂章的内容、结构，理解⽂章的逻辑兼容、调⼦以及思想。批判性阅读是个对读者参与感要求极⾼的阅读模式。读者和作者是相对平等的；当作者在叙述观点的时候，读者要通过思考来和作者达到积极地互动和交流。普通的阅读，读者的思考是被动的随着作者的阐述⽽进⾏的；可是批判性阅读，读者不仅仅会主动地辩证性地思考作者的观点，同时也会对⽂本的整体结构达到更深的理解。⼀篇好的⽂章，通常是有它的思想意义或者灵魂所在，读者要读出作者所写这篇⽂章的真正所表达的思想内容，⽽不是仅仅读懂作者所写的⽂字表⾯的故事⽽已。
那怎样才能成为⼀个拥有批判性思考的读者呢？下⾯有⼏点让⼤家参考。
1. 成为作者的听众
不仅仅能够读懂作者表⾯上的⽂字，更重要的是了解作者写下这些⽂字背
后的意义。想更好地明⽩作者的意图，读者去了解作者的背景，以及仔细琢
磨引⾔和批注都是很有帮助的。下⾯的⼀篇⽰范性的⽂章《家》是我们机构
上个星期给7、8年级的学⽣上的阅读课⽂章。⾸先⽼师让学⽣知道这个作
者布鲁克斯于1953年写这篇⽂章，作者是美国⼀位著名的⿊⼈⼥作家，获
得普利策奖，她笔下总是贫穷的⼩⼈物。这样让学⽣更加容易明⽩作者写这
篇⽂章是意图是什么。当时我们有⼀个思考题，同学们选择了不同的答案，
⽼师让学⽣们说说为什么选择了他们的答案，同时让同学们互相辩论。同学
们积极性特⾼。
3. 开放性的思维
批判性阅读的读者乐于从不同⾓度去剖析作者观点的深度。
5. 揣摩标题
⼀篇⽂章最显眼的就是标题。标题也是最能体现作者的中⼼思想，态度以
及叙事⽅式的存在。
7. 慢式阅读
知行合一论文
慢慢地阅读、不要囫囵吞枣地去阅读，能帮助读者更加好的理解⽂字⾏间
的细微联系。
9. 运⽤字典或者其他资料帮助理解不懂的词求平均数
每⼀个词汇的出现都是有意义的。遇到不会的词，及时的运⽤字典或者其
他⽂献资料能更好帮助读者了解作者的观点。通过阅读去理解单词，是⼀个
很有效的掌握词汇的⽅法。
10. 做笔记
滑石的功效与作用11. 在阅读的时候，读者可以根据⾃⼰的习惯，把作者的主要观点和论证通过
标注或者侧批的⽅式记录下来，
12. 养成记录读书⽇志的习惯
养成⼀个写读书⽇志的习惯，读者的想法不仅能被永久的记录下来，⽽且
还可以提⾼写作能⼒。阅读和写作能⼒可以同时得到提⾼。
14. 特别针对中国学⽣，批判性阅读能提⾼学⽣们的批判性思维的能⼒。带着批
判性思维去阅读，对批判性阅读很有帮助。
下⾯是两篇批判性阅读范例 (包括⽂章，思考问题，以及词汇），初中家长们可以让你的孩⼦阅读⼀下，让孩⼦跟你们谈谈这两篇⽂章所写的内容、表达的思想和⽂章的意义所在。这两篇⽂章是我们给七、⼋年级的阅读课所⽤的⽂章：
第⼀篇：
Home
By Gwendolyn Brooks. 1953
What had been wanted was this always, this always to last, the talking softly on this porch, with the snake plant in the jardinière in the southwest corner, and the obstinate slip from Aunt Eppie’s magnificent Michigan fern at the left side of the friendly door. Mama, Maud Martha, and Helen rocked slowly in their rocking chairs,and looked at the late afternoon light on the lawn and at the emphatic iron of the fence and at the poplar tree. The things might soon be theirs no longer. Tho shafts and pools of light,the tree, the graceful iron, might soon be viewed passively by different eyes.
Papa was to have gone that noon, during his lunch hour, to the office of the Home Owners’ Loan. If he had not succeeded in getting another extension, they would be leaving this hou in which they had lived for more than fourteen years. There was little hope. The Home Owners’ Loan was hard. They sat, making their plans.
“We’ll be moving into a nice flat somewhere,” said Mama. “Somewhere on South Park, or Michigan,
or in Washington Park Court.” Tho flats, as the girls and Mama knew well, were burdens on wages twice the size of Papa’s. This was not mentioned now.
“They’re much prettier than this old hou,” said Helen. “I have friends I’d just as soon not bring here. And I have other friends that wouldn’t come down this far for anything, unless they were in a taxi.”
Yesterday, Maud Martha would have attacked her. Tomorrow she might. Today she said nothing. She merely gazed at a little hopping robin in the tree, her tree, and tried to keep the fronts of her eyes dry.
“Well, I do know,” said Mama, turning her hands over and over, “that I’ve been getting tireder and tireder of doing that firing. From October to April, there’s firing to be done.”
“But lately we’ve been helping, Harry and I,” said Maud Martha. “And sometimes in March and April and in October,and even in November, we could build a little fire in the fireplace. Sometimes the weather was just right for that.”
She knew, from the way they looked at her,that this had been a mistake. They did not want to cry.
But she felt that the little line of white, sometimes ridged with smoked purple, and all that cream-shot saffron would never drift across any western sky except that in back of this hou. The rain would drum with as sweet a dullness nowhere but here. The birds on South Park were mechanical birds, no better than the poor caught canaries in tho “rich” women’s sun parlors.“It’s just going to kill Papa!” burst out Maud Martha. “He loves this hou! He lives for this hou!”
“He lives for us,” said Helen. “It’s us he loves. He wouldn’t want the hou, except for us.”
“And he’ll have us,” added Mama,“wherever.”
“You know,” Helen sighed, “if you want to know the truth, this is a relief. If this hadn’t come up, we would have gone on, just dragged on, hanging out here forever.”
“It might,” allowed Mama, “be an act of God. God may just have reached down and picked up the reins.”
“Yes,” Maud Martha cracked in, “that’s what you always say — that God knows best.”
Her mother looked at her quickly, decided the statement was not suspect, looked away.
Helen saw Papa coming. “There’s Papa,” said Helen.
They could not tell a thing from the way Papa was walking. It was that same dear little staccato6 walk,one shoulder down, then the other, then repeat, and repeat. They watched his progress. He pasd the Kennedys’, he pasd the vacant lot, he pasd Mrs. Blakemore’s. They wanted to hurl themlves over the fence, into the street, and shake the truth out of his collar. He opened his gate— the gate — and still his stride and face told them nothing.
“Hello,” he said.
Mama got up and followed him through the front door. The girls knew better than to go in too.
Prently Mama’s head emerged. Her eyes were lamps turned on.
“It’s all right,” she exclaimed. “He got it. It’s all over. Everything is all right.”
The door slammed shut. Mama’s footsteps hurried away.
“I think,” said Helen, rocking rapidly, “I think I’ll give a party. I haven’t given a party since I was 11. I’d like some of my friends to just casually e that we’re homeowners.”
Discussion学⽣讨论:
1, What is the difference between a hou and a home?
2, In the context of the text, what makes a family? Why is a home an important part of a family? Cite evidence from this text, your own experience, and other literature, art, or history in your answer.
Asssment测验：
南澳岛旅游景点大全>孜然炒肉夹馍1, PART A: Which of the following identifies a theme of the text?
Homes provide physical and emotional curity for families.
While change can be frightening, it also creates a chance for growth.
The stress of waiting for bad news can be wor than the bad news itlf.
Families are stronger when everyone shares their true feelings.
2, PART B: Which detail from the text best supports the answer to Part A?
肺结核潜伏期多久a, “‘They’re much prettier than this old hou,’ said Helen.‘I have friends I’d just as soon not bring here.’” (Paragraph 4)
b, “‘It’s just going to kill Papa!’ burst out Maud Martha.‘He loves this hou! He lives for this hou!’” (Paragraph 10)
c, “‘if you want to know the truth, this is a relief. If this hadn’t come up, we would have gone on, just dragged on, hanging out here forever.’” (Paragraph 13)
2022乙卷d, “‘I think I’ll give a party. I haven’t given a party since I was 11. I’d like some of my friends to just casually e that we are
homeowners.’” (Paragraph 24)微波炉说明书
第⼆篇：
Maud Martha And New York
By Gwendolyn Brooks
The name “New York” glittered in front of her like the silver in the shops on Michigan Boulevard. It was silver, and it was solid, and it was remote: it was behind glass, it was behind bright glass like the silver in the shops. It was not for her. Yet. When she was out walking, and with grating iron swish a tr
ain whipped by, off, above,its pasngers were always, for her comfort, New York-bound. She sat inside with them. She leaned back in the plush. She sped, past farms, through tiny towns,where people slept, kisd,quarreled,1 ate midnight snacks; unfortunate folk who were not New York-bound and never would be.
Maud Martha loved it when her magazines said “New York,” described “good” objects there, wonderful people there, recalled fine talk, the bristling or the creamy or the tactfully shimmering ways of life. They showed pictures of rooms with wood paneling, softly glowing, touched up by the compliment of a spot of auburn here, the low burn of a rare binding there. There were ferns in the rooms, and Chine boxes; bits of dream like crystal; a taste of leather.
In the advertiment pages, you saw where you could buy six Italian plates for eleven hundred dollars — and you must hurry, for there was just the one t;you saw where you could buy antique French bisque figurines(pale blue and gold) for — for — Her whole body became a hunger, she would pore over the pages. The clothes interested her, too; especially did she care for the pictures of women wearing carelessly, as if they were rags, dress that were plain but who prices were not. And the foolish food (her mother’s description) enjoyed by New Yorkers fascinated her. They paid ten dollars for an eight-ounce jar of Russian caviar; they ate things called anchovies, and caper
s; th ey ate little diamond-shaped chees that paprika had but breathed on; they ate bitter-almond macaroons; they ate papaya packed in rum and syrup; they ate peculiar sauces, were free with honey, were lavish with butter,wine and cream.
She bought the New York papers downtown, read of the concerts and plays, studied the book reviews, was intent over the announcements of auctions. She liked the sound of “Fifth Avenue,” “Town Hall,” “B. Altman,”“Hammacher Schlemmer.” She was on Fifth Avenue whenever she wanted to be, and she it was who rolled up, silky or furry, in the taxi, was assisted out, and stood, her next step nebulous, before the theaters of the thousand lights, before velvet-lined impossible shops; she it was.
New York,for Maud Martha, was a symbol. Her idea of it stood for what she felt life ought to be. Jeweled. Polished. Smiling. Poid. Calmly rushing! Straight up and down, yet graceful enough.
She thought of them drinking their coffee there — or tea, as in England. It was afternoon. Lustrous peo ple glided over perfect floors, correctly smiling. They stopped before a drumtable,covered with heavy white — and bearing a silver coffee rvice, old (in the better n) china, a platter of orange and cinnamon cakes (or was it nutmeg the cakes would have in them?), sugar and cream, a Chines
e box, one tall and slender flower. Their host or hostess poured, smiling too, nodding quickly to this one and that one, inquiring gently whether it should be sugar,or cream, or both, or neither (She was teaching herlf to drink coffee with neither). All was very gentle. The voices, no matter how they ro,or even sharpened, had fur at the ba. The steps never bragged or grated in any way on any ear — not that they could very well, on so good a Persian rug, or deep soft carpeting. And the drum table stood in front of a screen, a Japane one perhaps, with rich and mellow, bread-textured colors. The people drank and nibbled, while they discusd the issues of the day, sorting rejecting, revising. Then they went home quietly, elegantly. They retired to homes not one whit less solid or embroidered than the home of their host or hostess. What she wanted to dream, and dreamed, was her affair. It plead her to dwell upon color and soft bready textures and light, on a complex beauty, on gem like surfaces. What was the matter with that? Besides, who could safely swear that she would never be able to make her dream come true for herlf? Not altogether,then! — but slightly? — in some part?
She was eighteen years old, and the world waited. To caress her.
Asssment测试：
1. Which of the following identifies the theme of the text?
1. People always strive to posss what they can’t have.
2. Beautiful things and places can be deceiving.
3. It’s easy and pleasant to get swept up by dreams of the future.
4. The bigger a person dreams, the more they are likely to accomplish.
Discussion学⽣讨论:
1. What does your ideal future look like?
2. Do you think Maud Martha’s desires to go to New York are realistic? Why or why not?
3. In the context of the text, why should we value our youth? How does Maud Martha’s age contribute to her views on the future? Cite evidence from this text, your own experience, and other literature,art, or history in your answer.
Vocabulary词汇:
1. Quarrel (verb): to have an angry argument or disagreement
2. Poid (adjective): having a compod and lf-assured manner
3. Lustrous (adjective): shining or glowing
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