引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连词:
that(无任何词意)
whether, if(均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性)
as if ,as though(均表示“好像”,“似乎”)
以上在从句中均不充当任何成分
连接代词:
What, whatever, who, whoever, whom, who, whichever, whome ver
连接副词:
When, where, how, why, how many, how much, how often
一、名词性tha t-从句
主语:That she is stillaliveis her luck. 他还活着全靠运气。
宾语:John said that he was leavin g for London on Wednes day. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语:The fact is that he has not been en recent ly. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语:The fact that he has not been en recent ly distur bs everyo ne in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisf ied with your job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
一、无词义
that引导名词性从句时无词义,仅仅起连接或引导从句的作用。例如:
I wish that she would understand me.我希望她能理解我。
It is said that there have been great change s in our hometown.据说,我们的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。
镇头The reason he didn't come was that he was ill. 他没有来的原因是他病了。There i s a possib i lity tha
t he is a spy.他可能是个间谍。
动物图片卡通可爱
二、不作语法成分
that在引导名词性从句时,在从句中不能充当任何语法成分,对从句的结构无任何影响。It happened that it was rainin g heavil y that day. 碰巧那天下大雨。
The fact is that we haven't enough money for that projec t.事实是我们没有足够的资金去实施那个项目。
They made a decisi on that they should take action to protec t the nature. 他们做出决定:应该采取行动来保护大自然。
但要注意:在定语从句中,that作为关系代词,既用以代替先行词又在定语从句中作成分,这是区别定语从句与同位语从句的一个重要依据。
The news that we are invite d to the conference i s very encour aging.我们被邀请去参加会议的消息令人鼓舞。(that在从句中不作成分,该从句为同位语从句)。
The news that he heard i sn't true.他听到的消息不真实。(that指代n ews,且作
hear d的宾语,故that引导的是定语从句。)
三、可省略或不可省略的情况
that用于引导名词性从句时,要注意其可省略或不可省略的情况。
1. 在主语从句中
当我们用从句作主语时,经常用it作形式主语,而将真正主语从句置于句末,在这种情况下,that一般不可省略。例如:
It is certai n that he will succee d.他会成功是确定的。
2. 在宾语从句中
⑴若主句的谓语动词是ap pear,agree,learn,suggest,obrv e等时,that通常不可省略。例如:
We agreed that all the studen ts must plant trees i n the park. 我们一致赞同,所有学生须在公园里植树。
⑵若主句的谓语动词是he ar,know,say,consid er,unders tand,propo,be told等时,that可省略也可不省略。例如:
I heard (that) she had joined the army already. 我听说她已参军了。
⑶当主句的谓语动词是th i nk,suppo,believ e,dare,say等心理活动意义的动词时,宾语从句的引导词tha t通常要省略。例如:
I suppod they had finish ed all the work. 我猜想他们已完成了所有工作。
⑷在少数介词之后可带th a t引导的宾语从句,这时,"介词+that"已成为习惯搭配,且具有独特的含义,为此,不可省略th at。如:in that"在于;因为",but that"要不是......",except that"除了......"等。例如:
The higher i ncome tax is harmfu l in that it may discou rage people from tryin
g to earn more. 所得税过高是有害的,因为它可能使人不愿意多赚钱。
⑸某些"系动词+形容词"的系表结构之后,可带that引导的宾语从句,此时,that可省略也可不省略。例如:肠结核
I am deligh ted (that) you have got high grades in school.你在学校里成绩优秀,我很高兴。
⑹在"动词+it+宾语+that从句"结构中,我们用it作形式宾语而将that引导的真正宾语从句置于宾语补足语之后,这种结构中的t hat不可省略。例如:
I heard i t said that he had gone abroad. 我听说他到国外去了。
3. 在表语从句中
表语从句置于系动词之后,充当表语,结构为"主语+系动词+表语从句"。引导表语从句的that可省略也可不省略。例如:
It ems ( that) it is going to rain. 好像要下雨了。
注意:在the reason is that 从句结构中,t hat 不可省略。例如:
The reason why he was dismis d is that he was carele ss.他被开除的原因是他工作马虎。
4. 在同位语从句中。
that在引导同位语从句时一般不可省略,尤其是在下列两种情况下:
⑴当同位语从句的同位成分为主语时,为保持句子平衡,将同位语从句置于句尾,此时tha t不可省略。例如:
An idea came to me that she might do the experi ment i n anothe r way.我突然想起她可以用另一种方法做这个实验。
⑵在on conditi on that"在......条件下......",on the ground that"以......为由"等固定的同位语从句结构中,that不可省略。例如:
I lent him some money on conditi o n that he would return it before Friday.我借给他一部分钱,条件是他必须在星期五之前归还。
但要注意这种特殊情况,当同位语从句置于同位成分之前且用破折号连接时,要省略tha t。请比较:
The man is rather lfis h-the fact many people know.
Many people know the fact that the man is rather lfis h. 很多人都知道那个人很自私这个事实。
2)That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如:It is quiteclearthat the wholeprojec t is doomed to failur e. 很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。
工作励志文章用it作形式主语的th at-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系:
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necess ary that… 有必要……
It is import ant that… 重要的是……
It is obviou s that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believ ed that… 人们相信……
形容人好看的成语It is knownto all that… 众所周知……
It has been decide d that… 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowle dge that… ……是常识
It is a surpri that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
初级证书d. It +不及物动词+ that-从句
It appear s that… 似乎……
一粒种子改变世界It happen s that… 碰巧……
It occurr ed to me that… 我突然想起……
二、名词性wh-从句
1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. who, whoeve r, what, whatev er, which, whiche ver等连接代词和w here,
when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和t hat-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如:
主语: How the book will ll depend s on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。
直接宾语:In one's own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。
间接宾语:The club will give whoeve r wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。表语: My questi on is who will take over presid ent of the Founda tion.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
宾语补足语:She will name him whatev er she wantsto. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位语: I have no idea when he will return. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语:I'm not sure why she refuse d theirinvita tion.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语: That depend s on wherewe shallgo. 那取决于我们去哪儿。
2)Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末,例如:
It is not yet decide d who will do that job. 还没决定谁做这项工作。
It remain s unknow n when they are goingto get marrie d. 他们何时结婚依然不明。
三、if, whethe r引导的名词从句
Whethe r thereis life on the moon is an intere sting questi on. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
The questi on is whethe r she should have a low opinio n of the test?现在的问题是她是否应该有一个低意见的测试?
Everyt hingdepend s on whethe r we have enough money.一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
I wonder whethe r he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。
Can you tell me whethe r to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留?
1)yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if, whethe r引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和wh-从句的功能相同,例如:
主语:Whethe r the plan is feasib le remain s to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。
Whethe r they can finish the work on time is stilla proble m . 他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。
宾语:Let us know whethe r / if you can finish the articl e before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语:The pointis whethe r we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
同位语:They are invest igati ng the questi on whethe r the man is trustw orthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语: She's doubtf ul whethe r we shallbe able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语: I worryaboutwhethe r he can pass throug h the crisis of his illnes s. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
2)选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whethe r…or或whe ther…ornot构成,例如:Please tell me whethe r / if they are Swedis h or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don't care whethe r you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。
if和whe ther的区别:
1、在动词不定式之前只能用wheth er (Whether to do)。如:
I can’t decide whethe r to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。
2、在wheth er……ornot的固定搭配中。如:
I want to know whethe r it’s good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。
3 、在介词后,只能用whe ther。如:梦幻西游宝宝
His father is worrie d aboutwhethe r he lo his work . 他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。
4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时,只能用whe ther。如:
Whethe r this is true or not, I really don’t know. 这是否真的,我真的不知道。
5、用if会引起歧义时,只用whet her。如:
Couldyou tell me if you know the answer ?
这句话有两种意思:“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗?”或“如果你知道答案,请告诉我,好吗?”。如用whet her可避免歧义.
6、引导表语从句时。