Supplementary Exercis
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or Fal:
1. Both mantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language u ntences to effect successful communication
2. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.
3. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language u was left unconsidered.
4. What esntially distinguishes mantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of u
is considered.
5. The major difference between a ntence and an utterance is that a ntence is not uttered while an utterance is.
6. The meaning of a ntence is abstract, but context-dependent.
7. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.
8. Utterances always take the form of complete ntences
9. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.
10. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.
11. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.
12. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.美丽北京
II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
13. P_________ is the study of how speakers of a language u ntences to effect successful communication.
14. What esntially distinguishes s_______ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of u is considered.
15. The notion of c_________ is esntial to the pragmatic study of language.
16. If we think of a ntence as what people actually utter in the cour of communication, it becomes an
u___________.
17. The meaning of a ntence is a_______, and decontexualized.
18. C________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
19. P________ were ntences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.
20. A l_________ act is the act of uttering words, phras, claus. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
intention; it is the act performed in saying 21. An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s
something.
22. A c_________ is commit the speaker himlf to some future cour of action.
23. An e________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.
—maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
25. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.
A. Pragmatics
B. Semantics
C. Sen relation
D. Concept
26. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional mantics.
A. contextual
B. behaviouristic
C. intrinsic
D. logical
27. What esntially distinguishes mantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.
A. reference
B. speech act
C. practical usage
D. context
28. A ntence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a ntence is often studied in isolation.
A. pragmatic
B. grammatical
C. mental
D. conceptual
29. If we think of a ntence as what people actually utter in the cour of communication, it becomes a(n)
_________.干性发泡
A. constative
B. directive
C. utterance
D. expressive
30. Which of the following is true?
A. Utterances usually do not take the form of ntences.
B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete ntences.
C. No utterances can take the form of ntences.
D. All utterances can be restored to complete ntences.
31. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.
A. in the late 50’s of the 20the century
B. in the early 1950’s
C. in the late 1960’s
D. in the early 21st century.
32. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the conquence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.
A. A locutionary act
B. An illocutionary act
C. A perlocutionary act
五个字的诗句唯美D. A performative act
—
33. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the reprentative is ______.
A. to get the hearer to do something
B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the ca
C. to commit the speaker to some future cour of action
D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs.
34. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpo, but they differ __________.
A. in their illocutionary acts.
B. in their intentions expresd
C. in their strength or force
D. in their effect brought about
35. __________ is advanced by Paul Grice
A. Cooperative Principle
B. Politeness Principle
C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar
D. Adjacency Principle
36. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might ari.
A. impoliteness
B. contradictions
C. mutual understanding
D. conversational implicatures
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or Fal:
l. F 2. F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.T 12.F
II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
13. Pragmatics 14. mantics 15. context 16. utterance 17. abstract
18.Constatives 19. Performatives 20. locutionary 21. illocutionary
22. commissive 23. expressive 24. quantity
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the
statement:
25. A 26.C 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.B
31.A 32.C 33.B 34.C 35. A 36.D
IV. Define the terms below:
37. pragmatics 38. context 39. utterance meaning
40. ntence meaning 41. constative 42. performative
43. locutionary act 44. illocutionary act 45. perlocutionary act 46.. Cooperative Principle
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
47. How are mantics and pragmatics different from each other?
48. How does a ntence differ from an utterance?
49. How does a ntence meaning differ from an utterance meaning?
50. Discuss in detail the locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.
51. Searle classified illocutionary act into five categories. Discuss each of them in detail with examples.第二个百年目标
52. What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle?凡夫俗子的意思
梦见开车53. How does the flouting of the maxims give ri to conversational implicatures?
Suggested answers to supplementary exercis:
IV. Define the terms below:
37. pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers o f a language u ntences t o effect successful communication.
38. Context: Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they u, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.
39. utterance meaning: the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is bad on ntence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a ntence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
40. ntence m eaning: The meaning of a ntence i s often considered as the abstract, intrinsic property of the ntence itlf in terms of a predication.
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41. Constative: Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were verifiable ;
42. Performative: performatives, on the other hand, were ntences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Their function is to perform a particular speech act.
43. locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phras, claus. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
44. illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something.
45. perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the conquence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.
46. Cooperative Principle: It is principle advanced by Paul Grice. It is a principle that guides our conversational behaviours. The content is : Make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpo or the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
47. How are mantics and pragmatics different from each other?
Traditional mantics studied meaning, but the meaning of language was considered as something intrinsic, and inherent, i.e. a property attached to language itlf. Therefore, meanings of words, meanings of ntences were all studied in an isolated manner, detached from the context in which they were ud. Pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. The esntial distinction between mantics and pragmatics is whether the context of
u is considered in the study of meaning . If it is not considered, the study is restricted to the area of traditional mantics; if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics.
48. How does a ntence differ from an utterance?
医院等级证明
A ntence is a grammatical concept. It usually consists of a subject and predicate. An utterance is the unit of communication. It is the smallest linguistic unit that has a communicative value. If we regard a ntence as what people a ctually utter in the cour of communication, it becomes an utterance. Whether “Mary i ntence or an utterance depends on how we look at it. If we regard it as a grammatical unit or a lf-contained unit in isolation, then it is a ntence. If we look at it as something uttered in a certain situation with a certain purpo, then it is an utterance. Most utterance
s take the form of complete ntences, but some utterances are not, and some cannot even be restored to complete ntences.
49. How does a ntence meaning differ from an utterance meaning?
A ntence meaning is often considered as the intrinsic property of the ntence itlf in terms of a predication.
It is abstract and independent of context. The meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. T he utterance meaning is bad on ntence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a ntence in a real
eaker could situation of communication, or simply in a context. For example, “There is a dog at the door
