Great Chine Inventions
The Four Great Inventions of ancient China have been revolutionary inventions for the world’s development, namely papermaking, gunpowder, printing and the compass. They propelled our political, economic and cultural development forward and created enormous impetus to the development of world civilization as well.
四大发明是指中国古代对世界的发展和格局具有革命性意义的四种发明——造纸术、火药、印刷术、指南针。四大发明对中国古代的政治、经济、文化的发展产生了巨大的推动作用，对世界文明的发展也产生了非常大的影响。仆步
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Paper: The writing materials during early China were turtle shell, animal bones, bamboos, wood slips, stone and so no. Writing on the was sometimes inconvenient, they were not easy to carry, more expensive and not suitable for wide u. In 105 AD, Cai Lun improved papermaking, bad on the former paper-making technology. Since then, paper has been popular among common people. Later , the technique was introduced to Korea and Japan in the 7th century and the Arab World in the 8th. In the 12th century, the
Europeans began to adopt this technique.
纸：中国早期书写材料是龟甲、兽骨竹简、木牍、金石等，或书写比较麻烦、不易携带，或价格比较昂贵（当时贵族使用的是丝绸或棉花做的薄薄的纸），不适合广泛使用。东汉元兴元年105，蔡伦在前人造纸术的基础上，改革和推广了造纸技术。从这时起，纸才成为人们普遍使用的书写材料。后来到了公元7世纪，这种造纸技术被传播到了韩国和日本，8世纪传入阿拉伯世界。猜字谜12世纪，欧洲人也开始使用这种技术造纸。
The most famous Xuan paper, produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui Province, first appeared in the Tang Dynasty. Its quality was so good that all calligraphers and painters liked to u it. Even today it is still considered the best kind of paper for calligraphy and traditional Chine painting.
安徽宣州所产的著名的宣纸，最早出现于唐朝。它的质量很好，因此，所有的书法家和画家都喜欢使用。直至今天，人们仍认为宣纸最适于书法和国画。
Gunpowder: As early as the Shang and Zhou dynasties, people ud charcoal widely in
metallurgical practice, furthermore the raw material of gunpowder---sulfur, saltpeter were also well known to others, thus paved the road for the invention of gunpowder. In Tang Dynasty, the alchemists absorbed various experiences in production and life from working people. Then they gradually found a mixture of sulfur charcoal and some material, flammable and explosive. In 904 AD of the Tang Dynasty, Zheng Pan made gunpowder to attack Yuzhang. This was the beginning of gunpowder for military u. During Northern Song Dynasty, the frequent wars spurred the development of cannons and then spread to the Arab countries. In the late half of the 13th century, Europeans gradually learned how to manufacture and u gunpowder.
火药：早在商周时期，人们在冶金实践中已经广泛使用木炭，之后制作火药的原料硫磺、硝石又为人们所知，为火药发明准备了条件。唐代炼丹师们在炼丹实践中吸取了劳动人民生产和生活的丰富经验，逐渐发现硫磺、木炭和其他材料的混合物有燃烧和爆炸能力。公元904年，唐朝人郑潘制成传统美食有哪些“发机飞火”，进攻豫章。这是火药用于军事的开始。北宋年间，频繁的战争促进了火炮的发展并传至阿拉伯各国。13世纪下半叶，欧洲人逐渐学会了制作和运用火药。
Typography: It has been recognized as one of the greatest inventions in the world. Before the invention of printing, people ud to copy by hand, which was both time-consuming and labor-intensive, moreover it was prone to errors. In Sui and Tang Dynasties, people got inspiration from al and rock carving, so they carved characters in wood to make them bulge on the opposite side. They brushed on the ink, covered with paper, finally the printing came out. Nevertheless, it was a forward leap to invent woodblock printing in early Tang Dynasty. It was still a time-consuming and laborious job until the year 1041~1048, when Bi Sheng in Northern Song Dynasty produced a kind of movable type for printing books. Soon after this it was spread to the countries around the world, which made it a great contribution to promote cultural exchange and developing human civilization..
活字印刷：被公认为世界最伟大的发明之一。在印刷术发明前，人们用手抄书，既费时耗力，又易出错。到隋唐，人们从印章和拓石中受启发，把字雕刻在木板上，使它成为反的凸字。然后刷上墨，铺上纸，一张一张地就印成了。到唐代初年发明了雕版印刷术，这是一个飞跃，但仍然费时费力。直到公元职场人际交往>不要再说你还爱我1041~1048年，北宋毕昇用制作活字来印书发明了
喜家德水饺加盟费活字印刷。活字印刷术问世后不久，便传到了世界各国，对促进人类文化交流和文明进步做出了巨大贡献。
Compass:陈冠希壁纸 is a directional instrument bad on the principle of magnets and it is another great invention of Chine people. During the Warring States period, they made u of the magnetic feature which is always pointing to the Norh to make a directional instrument, Sinan, before the invention of the Guide car and the Guide fish came into being. Till Northern Song Dynasty, people built compass from artificial magnets, which could be ud in navigation. The compass was more practical and convenient than Sinan or the Guide fish. The invention of the Compass and its application provided the conditions for Navigator Zheng in Ming Dynasty to complete his voyage to the East Africa and other places; and for Columbus’ discovery of America, Magellan’s global navigation and modern sailing.
指南针：是利用磁铁中的南北指极性而制成的一种指示方向的仪器，是中国人民的又一项伟大发明。战国时期，中国就利用磁石指南的特性发明了指南仪器——司南，此后又出现
了指南车、指南鱼等。北宋时进而发明了使用人工磁体的指南针，应用于航海。司南是用天然磁石经人工用琢玉的办法磨成，并用天然磁石制造“司南之勺”，“其柄指南”。指南鱼是用薄铁叶裁成鱼形，然后使它带有磁性，在行军需要时将它浮在水面，铁叶鱼就能指南。指南针是以天然磁石摩擦钢针制得，比司南和指南鱼更为简便有实用价值。指南针的发明和应用为明代航海家郑和远航东非等地提供了条件；为哥伦布发现美洲的航行和麦哲伦的环球旅行提供了技术保障。
