Society
A society can also consist of like-minded people governed by their own norms and values within a dominant, larger society. This is sometimes referred to as a subculture, a term ud extensively within criminology.
More broadly, a society may be illustrated as an economic, social, or industrial infrastructure, made up of a varied collection of individuals. Members of a society may be from different ethnic groups. A society can be a particular ethnic group, such as the Saxons; a nation state, such as Bhutan; or a broader cultural group, such as a Western society. The word society may also refer to an organized voluntary association of people for religious, benevolent, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or other purpos. A "society" may even, though more by means of metaphor, refer to a干地黄 social organism such as an ant colony or any拗的意思 cooperative aggregate such as, for example, in some formulations of artificial intelligence.
Types of societies
Pre-industrial societies
Main article: Pre-industrial society
In a pre-industrial society, food production, which is carried out through the u of human and animal攀援 labor, is the main economic activity. The societies can be subdivided according to their level of technology and their method of producing food. The subdivisions are hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, and feudal.
Hunting and gathering societies
Starting fire by hand. Bushmen in Botswana.
法令纹去除The main form of food production in such societies is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals. Hunter-gatherers move around constantly in arch of food. As a result, they do not build permanent villages 唐宋诗词鉴赏or create a wide variety of artifacts, and usually only form small groups such as bands and tribes. However, some hunting and gathering societies in areas with abundant resources (such as the Tlingit) lived in lar
ger groups and formed complex hierarchical social structures such as chiefdoms. The need for mobility also limits the size of the societies. They generally consist of fewer than 60 people and rarely exceed 100. Status within the tribe are relatively equal, and decisions are reached through general agreement. The ties that bind the tribe are more complex than tho of the bands. Leadership is personal—charismatic—and ud for special purpos only in tribal society. There are no political offices containing real power, and a chief is merely a person of influence, a sort of advir; therefore, tribal consolidations for collective action are not governmental. The family forms the main social unit, with most societal members being related by birth or marriage. This type of organization requires the family to carry out most social functions, including production and education.
Horticultural societies
Main article: Horticulturalist society
Fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots that have been cleared from the jungle or for
est provide the main source of food in a horticultural society. The societies have a level oftechnology and complexity similar to pastoral societies. Some horticultural groups u the slash-and-burn method to rai crops. The wild vegetation is cut and burned, and ashes are ud as fertilizers. Horticulturists u human labor and simple tools to cultivate the land for one or more asons. When the land becomes barren, horticulturists clear a new plot and leave the old plot to revert to its natural state. They may return to the original land veral years later and begin the process again. By rotating their garden plots, horticulturists can stay in one area for a fairly long period of time. This allows them to build mipermanent or permanent villages. The size of a village's population depends on the amount of land available for farming; thus villages can range from as few as 30 people to as many as 2000.
As with pastoral societies, surplus food leads to a more complex division of labor. Specialized roles in horticultural societies include craftspeople, shamans (religious leaders), and traders. This role specialization allows people to create a wide variety of artifacts. As in pastoral societies, surplus food can lead to inequalities in wealth and powe
r within horticultural political systems are developed becau of the ttled nature of horticultural life.
Feudal societies
Main article: 乡镇公务员面试Feudal society
Feudalism was a form of society bad on ownership of land. Unlike today's farmers, vassals under feudalism were bound to cultivating their lord's land. In exchange for military protection, the lords exploited the peasants into providing food, crops, crafts, homage, and other rvices to the landowner. The estates of the realm校园里的秋天 system of feudalism was often multigenerational; the families of peasants may have cultivated their lord's land for generations.
Industrial societies
Main article: Industrial societies
家长会图片
Between the 15th and 16th centuries, a new economic system emerged that began to replace feudalism. Capitalism is marked by open competition in a free market, in which the means of production are privately owned. Europe's exploration of the Americas rved as one impetus for the development of capitalism. The introduction of foreign metals, silks, and spices stimulated great commercial activity in European societies.
Industrial societies rely heavily on machines powered by fuels for the production of goods. This produced further dramatic increas in efficiency. The incread efficiency of production of the industrial revolution produced an even greater surplus than before. Now the surplus was not just agricultural goods, but also manufactured goods. This larger surplus caud all of the changes discusd earlier in the domestication revolution to become even more pronounced.
