Chapter 5 American Literature
I. Writers of the post-Revolutionary period (had been embarrasd that America did not have much of a history)
---Washing Irving(华盛顿·欧文) inventing a history.
--History of New Y ork«纽约外史» (1809), Rip V an Winkle«瑞普·凡·温克尔», The Legend of Sleepy Hollow«睡谷的传说», The Alhambra«阿尔罕伯拉» (accounts of history历史传奇故事集in 1832),Tour on Prairies«草原漫游记» (1835)
--- James Fenimore Cooper (詹母士·费尼莫·库珀)
--The Spy«间谍» (novel1821),
Leatherstocking Tales«皮袜子的故事集»inc luding The Pioneers«拓荒者»(1823),The Last of Mohicans«最后的莫希干人»(1826), The Prairie«大草原»(1827), The Pathfinder«探路人»(1840) and The Deepslayer«杀鹿者» (1841)台风雨
* In The Pioneers, he introduced the fabulous woodsman, Natty Bumppo, who was the forerunner of all heroic forest scouts (侦察员), bear hunter, and cowboys of later American novels and films
II. Transcendentalists 超验主义者
--- In his book Nature, Ralph Waldo Emerson(拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882)claimed that by studying and responding to nature individuals could reach a higher spiritual state without formal religion.(通过学习自然，与自然沟通，个人能够达到一个更高的精神境界，而不必借助正式的宗教). A circle of intellectuals who were discontented with the New England establishment gathered around Emerson. They accepted Emerson’s theories about spiritual transcendence. They are known as Transcendentalists.
--- Henry David Thoreau (亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-1862)was Emerson’s most gifted fellow-thinkers. He was passionate about individual’s learning to think for themlves and being independent. He carried out this ideal by going to live by himlf for two years in simple cabin beside a wooded pond named Walden. He spent the two years in labor and solitary meditation. He wrote about this experience in his book Walden«沃尔登/林中生活» (1854)
New England intellectuals prented perspective of literature and life
III. Power of Imagination
Some writers concentrated upon human imagination and emotion rather than the intellect
建立英文
---Edgar Allan Poe (埃德加·艾伦·坡1809--1849), a young V irginian, publishing poems of musical language and extravagant imagery, which made him a worthy rival of the European
Romantic poets. In 1835, he began writing bold, original short stories, TheMasque of Red Death «红死病的假面舞会», The Fall of the Hou of Usher«厄舍尔厦的倒塌».
---Nathaniel Hawthorne (纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864), a young writer in New England published a volume of stories Twice-Told Tales«重述的故事»in 1837. His masterpiece was a novel The Scarlet Letter«红字» published in 1850. Set in the Puritan past, this masterpiece is the stark drama of a woman harshly cast out from her community for committing the sin of adultery. In this novel, Hawthorne explored certain moral themes such as guilt, pride and emotional repression.
---Herman Melville (赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819-1891) published Moby Dick «白鲸». Moby Dick is the name of a big white whale. In this book, the author us a story of a whaling voyage to explore profound themes such as fate, the nature of evil, and the individual’s struggle against the univer. This book is considered an American masterpiece.
* The above 3 writers all struggled to find their individual voices, and through them American literature began to acquire its own personality.
IV. Walt Whitman (瓦尔特·惠特曼1818-1892)
名牌钱包--- asrt a truly American voice and in 1855, published a ground-breaking book Leaves of Grass «草叶集», which is a collection of poems. Whitman ud free-flowing structures and long irregular lines in his poetry. He ventured beyond traditional forms to meet his need for more space to express the American spirit. In one of the poems “Song of Mylf”he dwelt on (详细讲述)himlf becau he saw himlf as a prototype (原型)of “The American”.
V. Reform and Liberation保证食品安全的规章制度
New England intellectuals had a tradition of involvement in liberal reform.
---Harriet Beecher Stowe (哈里叶特·比彻·斯特1811-1896), a New England woman who in 1852 wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin«汤姆叔叔的小屋», an antislavery novel that galvanized (刺激，激励) political opinion across the nation. Sentimental and melodramatic as it was, it portrayed black slaves as sympathetic, suffering figures, and created an image of the cruel slaveowner in the character of Simon Legree. (该书具有伤感和情节剧的特点，把黑人奴隶描绘成遭受苦难的，值得同情的人物，并把西蒙·拉瑞刻画成一个残酷的奴隶主形象)
VI. Regionalism (地方主义)
As pioneers ttled new territories in the West, writers now focud on the differences between the various regions of the United States rather than on a single vision of the expanding country.
---William Dean Howells (威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯1837-1920) was one of the most important leaders of “regionalism”movement, who became the editor of the influential Atlantic magazine «大西洋月刊»(美国现实主义文学奠基人)
---Mark Twain(pen name of Samuel Clemens 塞缪尔·克莱门斯1835-1910) one of the greatest American writers and the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast. His major work was The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn«哈克贝利·费恩历险记» (1884) which has been called the greatest novel in American literature. His normal pro style(文风) sounded distinctively American –rich in metaphor, newly invented words and drawling（拖长音的）rhythms although sometimes he ud local dialect for comic effect(滑稽效果).(美国现实主义文学奠基人)
---Emily Dickinson(爱米莉·狄更生1830-1886), a woman poet admired by later generations, but barely known while alive.
VII. A new wave
As the wounds of the Civil War slowly healed, many Americans became discontented with the growing materialism (唯物主义) of society in the U.S.
---Henry James(亨利·詹姆斯1843-1916) an American who lived in Europe, examined America society by obrving the divergence between American and European culture in novels like The American and Portrait of a Lady«女士的画像»。（他被视为心理现实主义的创始人之一）贝雷斯
---the naturalists(自然主义作家) were novelists who concentrated upon the grim aspects of reality and a deterministic view of life. They were linked with European naturalists such as French novelist Zola(左拉). The most reprentative naturalists in American literature were Stephen Crane(斯蒂芬·克莱恩), Theodore Dreir(西奥多·德莱塞), and Jack London(杰克·伦敦).
---Stephen Crane(斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900) Maggie, A Girl of the Streets «街头女郎玛»(1893)
--- Theodore Dreir(西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945) Sister Carrie«嘉莉妹妹» in 1900
--- Upton Sinclair (厄普顿·辛克莱1878－1968) The Jungle «屠场»
--- Jack London(杰克·伦敦1876-1916) Call of the Wild«野性的呼唤»
---exploring the fate of the individual.
---Henry James
---Edith Wharton (伊迪丝·华顿1862-1937), one of Henry James’s clo friends and literary followers. One of her finest books is The Hou of Mirth «欢乐之家»(1905). The Age of Innocence«纯真年代» (1920) is another successful novel.
VIII. Sympathetic Views (3 women writers)
--- Kate Chopin (凯特·肖邦1851－1904) The A wakening «觉醒»
---Willa Cather (威拉·凯瑟1873－1947)O Pioneers! «啊！拓荒者»
---W.E.B. Dubois (威·爱·伯·杜伯伊斯1869-1963)Souls of Black Folk«黑人的灵魂»
IX. Rebellious Spirit
In the first decades of the 20th century, two major works of literature expresd the new attitude of rebellion against the limited life of the typical small American town.
---Sherwood Anderson(舍伍德·安德森1876-1941) published a book of short stories Winesburg, Ohio«俄亥俄州的瓦恩斯堡»in 1919.
曲径通幽处下一句
---Sinclair Lewis (辛克莱·路易斯1885－1951) published a novel Main Street«大草原» in 1920. Gopher Prairie «格弗草原» Babbitt«巴比特» Arrowsmith«艾罗·史密斯»
X. The Modernists
One important literary movement of the time was “Imagism”(意象派), who poets focud on strong, concrete images.
人物描写片段摘抄
---Ezra Pound(埃兹·拉庞德1885-1972)
---T.S. Eliot(托·斯·艾略特1888－1965) published a long poem The Waste Land «荒原» in 1922. Using fragmented(不连续的), haunting(萦绕心头的) images and a den structure of symbols, it revealed a pessimistic vision of post-World War I society. With the publication of “The Waste Land”, Eliot dominated the so-called “Modern” movement in poetry.
---E.E. Cummings (爱德华·埃斯特林·肯明斯1894-1962), didn’t u rules of punctuation, spelling, and even he way words were placed on the page.
---Wallace Stevens
---William Carlos Williams
XI. the “Lost Generation”(迷惘的一代)
In the aftermath of World War I, many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment(幻灭). Some lived abroad. They were known as the “Lost Generation”. The two most reprentative writers of the “Lost Generation”were Hemingway and Fitzgerald.
---F. Scott Fitzgerald(弗·司各特·菲兹杰拉德) The Great Gatsby «了不起的盖茨比»
---Ernest Hemingway(厄内斯特·海明威1899-1961) The Sun Also Ris«太阳照样升起»(1926),which is the reprentative of the “Lost Generation”A Farewell to Arms«永别了，武器»(1929) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)«丧钟为谁而鸣». He won the Nobel Prize and is considered one of the greatest American writers.
---William Faulkner(威廉·福克纳1897-1962). Some of his best novels are The Sound and the Fury«喧哗与骚动» (1929)and Light in August«八月之光» (1932). He won a Nobel Prize.
XII. Harlem Renaissance(哈莱姆文艺复兴)
The 1920s saw the ri of an artistic black community centered in Harlem, a black neighborhood in New Y ork City. Magazines and newspapers dedicated to the black writing sprang up in Harlem. Blac
k poets such Langston Hughs and Countee Cullen wrote about what it meant to be black. The Harlem Renaissance gave African-American culture prominence and an impetus to grow.
XIII.New Drama
---Eugene O’Neil (尤金·奥尼尔1888-1953) borrowed ideas from European playwrights. He ud symbolism, adapted stories from classical mythology(神话) and the Bible and drew upon (利用)he new science of psychology to explore his character’s inner lives.Desire Under the Elms «榆树下的欲望» (1924) Mourning Becomes Electra«悲悼» (1931, The Iceman Cometh «卖冰的人来了» (1946) Long Day’s Journey into Night «长夜漫漫路迢迢» (1956) He won a Nobel Prize in 1936 for literature.
IVX. Depression Realism and Escapism
---John Steinbeck(约翰·斯坦贝克1902-1968) is a great writer during the Great Depression. His 1939 masterpiece is The Grapes of Wrath«愤怒的葡萄»
---Margaret Mitchell (玛格丽特·米歇尔) Gone with the Wind is a 1936 best-ller about Civil War.
VX. Post-World War II voices and the “Beat Generation”（跨掉的一代）
---Black writers
---Richard Wright (理查德·赖特1908－1960) published a novel Native Son«土生子» in 1940.
珍惜粮食的诗句---Ralph Ellison(拉尔夫·埃利森1914－1994)Invisible Man «看不到的人»(1952)
---James Baldwin(詹母斯·鲍德温1924－1987) novel Go Tell It on the Mountain«向苍天呼吁
