Library Work:
Pre-work
1.Who is Bertrand Rusll?
2.Find out the basic human nature(s) as far as you know.
Post-work
3.Make a study on the story between the Arabs and Eastern Roman Empire
4.What is Muhammadan history?
5.What does Grandmamma mean in para. 4?
6.Make a study on the red Indians (Native Indians)?
sanya7.What are the human natures according to Rusll? Do you agree? Why or Why not?
8.How are human nature and politics related according to Rusll?
高中生教师评语>佥都御史
9. What is the tone of this article?
On Human Nature and Politics
Bertrand Rusll
1Undoubtedly the desire for food has been, and still is, one of the main caus of great political events. But man differs from other animals in one very important respect, and that is that he has desires which are, so to speak, intimate, which can never be fully gratified, and which should keep him restless even in Paradi. The boa constrictor大蟒蛇
, when he had an adequate meal, goes to sleep, and does not wake until he needs another meal. Human beings, for the most not part are not like this. When the Arabs, who had been ud to living sparingly on a few dates, acquired the riches of the Eastern Roman Empire and dwelt in palaces of almost unbelievable luxury, they did not, on that account, become inactive. Hunger could no longer be a motive, for Greek slaves supplied them with exquisite viands at the slightest nod. But other desires kept them active; four in particular, which we can label acquisitiveness, rivalry, vanity and love of power.
2Acquisitiveness---the wish to posss as much as possible of goods, or the title to goods---is a motive which, I suppo, has its origin in a combination of fear with the desire for necessaries.
3I once befriended two little girls from Esthonia, who had narrowly escaped death from starvation in a famine. They lived in my family, and of cour had plenty to eat. But they spent all their leisure visiting neighbouring farms and stealing potatoes, which they hoarded. Rockefeller, who in his infancy had experienced great poverty, spent his adult life in a similar manner. Similarly the Arab chieftains on their silken Byzantine divans could not forget the dert, and hoarded riches far beyond any possible physical need. But whatever the psychoanalysis of acquisitiveness, no one can deny that it is one of the great motives ---especially among the more powerful, for, as I said before, it is one of the infinite motives. However much you may acquire you will always wish to acquire more; satiety is a dream which will always elude you.
4But acquisitiveness, although it is the mainspring 主体部分；主要影响 2.(钟表等的)主发条
of the capitalist system, is by no means the most powerful of the motives that survive the conquest of hunger .Rivalry is a much stronger motive. Over and over again in Muhammadan history, dynasties have come to grief becau the sons of a sultan by different mothers could not agree, and
in the resulting civil war universal ruin resulted. The same sort of thing happens in modern Europe. When the British Government very unwily allowed the Kair to be prent at a naval review at Spithead, the thought which aro in his mind was not the one which we had intended. What he
thought was. “I must have a Navy as good as Grandmamma's.” And from this thought have sprung all our subquent troubles. The world would be a happier place than it is if acquisitiveness were always stronger than rivalry. But in fact ,a great many men will cheerfully face impoverishment if they can thereby cure complete ruin for their rivals. Hence the prent level of taxation.
5Vanity is a motive of immen potency. Anyone who has much to do with children knows how they are constantly performing some antic and saying “Look at me”. “Look at me” is one of the most fundamental desires of the human heart. It can take innumerable forms, from buffoonery to the pursuit of posthumous fame. There was a Renaissance Italian princeling who was asked by the priest on his deathbed if he had anything to repent of. “Yes,” he said. “There is one thing. On one occasion I had a visit from the Emperor and the Pope simultaneously. I took them to the top of my tower to e the view, and I neglected the opportunity to throw them both down , which would have given me immortal fame.” History does not relate whether the priest gave him absolution. One of the troubles about vanity is that it grows with what it feeds on .The more you are talked about, the more
you will wish to be talked about. The condemned murderer who is allowed to e the account of his trial in the Press is indignant if he finds a newspaper which has reported it inadequately. And the more he finds about himlf in other newspapers, the more indignant he
will be with tho who reports are meager. Politicians and literary men are in the same ca. And the more famous they become, the more difficult the press cutting agency finds it to satisfy them .It is scarcely possible to exaggerate the influence of vanity throughout the range of human life, from the child of three to the potentate at who frown the world trembles. Mankind have even committed the impiety of attributing similar desires to the deity, whom they imagine avid for continual prai.
6But great as is the influence of the motives we have been considering, there is one which outweighs the all…Power, like vanity, is insatiable. Nothing short of omnipotence could satisfy it completely. And as it is especially the vice of energetic men, the casual efficacy of love of power is out of all proportion to its frequency. 但事实上, 特别是精力旺盛的人的恶习, 权欲的偶尔实现与权欲的频繁滋生两者完全不成比例。It is ,indeed, by far the strongest motive in the lives of important men .Love of power is greatly incread by the experience of power ,and this applies to petty power as well as to that of potentates. In the happy days before 1914,when well-to -do ladies could acquire a host of rvants, their pleasure in exercising power over the domestics steadily incread with age .
学前班的加减法
Similarly, in any autocratic regime, the holders of power become increasingly, tyrannical with experience of the delights that power can afford. Since power over human beings is shown in making them do what they would rather not do, the man who is actuated使动作，开动，促使by love of power is more apt to inflict把…强加给, 使承受, 遭受；打击；使吃苦头pain than to permit pleasure .If you ask your boss for leave of abnce from the office on some legitimate occasion, his love of power will derive more satisfaction from refusal than from connt .If you require a building permit, the petty official concerned will obviously get more pleasure from saying "No" than from saying "Yes”. It is this sort of thing which makes the love of power such a dangerous motive. But it has other sides which are more desirable .The pursuit of knowledge is ,I think ,mainly actuated by love of power. And so are all advances in scientific technique. In politics also ,a reformer may have just as strong a love of power as a despot .It would be a complete mistake to decry love of power altogether as a motive. Whether you will be led by this motive to actions which are uful ,or to actions which are
pernicious ,depends upon the social system ,and upon your capacities .
7 I come now to other motives which ,though in a n less fundamental than tho we have been considering ,are still of considerable importance. The first of the is love of
excitement .Human beings show their superiority to the brutes by their capacity for
boredom ,though I have sometimes thought ,in examining the apes at the Zoo, that
they ,perhaps ,have the rudiments of this tiresome emotion .However that may be, experience shows that escape from boredom is one of the really powerful desires of almost all human beings.
8When white men first effect contact with some unspoilt race of savages, they offer them all kinds of benefits, from the light of the Gospel to pumpkin pie. The, however, much as we may regret it, most savages receive with indifference. 然而令我们深感遗憾, 大多数野蛮人冷淡地接受下这一切。What they really value among the gifts that we bring to them is intoxicating liquor ,which enables them, for the first time in their lives ,to have the illusion, for a few brief moments ,that it is better to be alive than dead.
禁忌的恋爱关系
9Red Indians ,while they were still unaffected by white men ,would smoke their pipes, not calmly as we do ,but orgiastically, inhaling so deeply that they sank into a faint红种印第安人在他们还未被白人影响时，吸烟斗时不像我们这样平平静静地吸，而是放任地深深地吸，以致于昏过去。,And when excitement by means of nicotine failed ,a patriotic orator would stir them up to attack a neighbouring tribe ,which would give them all the enjoyment that we (according to our temperament ) derive from
a hor race of a General Election.
10With civilized men, as with primitive Red Indian tribes, it is, I think, chiefly love of excitement which makes the populace applaud when war breaks out; the emotion is exactly the same as at a football match, although the results are sometimes somewhat more rious.
11It is not altogether easy to decide what is the root cau of the love of excitement. I incline to think that our mental make-up is adapted to the stage when men lived by hunting .我倾向于认为我们的心理构成适应于人类靠狩猎为生的阶段。When a man spent a long day with very primitive weapons in stalking a deer with the hope of dinner and when ,at the end of the day ,he dragged the carca triumphantly to his cave ,he sank down in contented weariness, while his wife dresd and cooked the meat. He was sleepy ,and his bones
ached ,and the smell of cooking filled every nook and cranny of his consciousness. At last after eating, he sank into deep sleep. In such a life there was neither time nor energy for boredom. But when he took to agriculture, and made his wife do all the heavy work in the fields, he had time to reflect upon the vanity of human life, to invent mythologies and systems of philosophy, and to dream of the life hereafter in which he would perpetually hunt the wild boar of Valhalla.
12Our mental make-up is suited to a life of very vere physical labour. I ud ,when I was younger ,to take my holidays walking. I would cover 25 miles a day ,and when the evening came I had no need of anything to keep me from boredom ,since the delight of sitting amply充足地sufficed .But modern life cannot be conducted on the physically strenuous principles. A great deal of work is dentary and most manual work exercis only a few specialized muscles. When London crowds asmble in Trafalgar Square to cheer to the echo an announcement that the government has decided to have them killed ,they would not do so if they had walked 25 miles that day .This cure for bellicosity is ,however ,impracticable and if the human race is to
survive---a thing which is ,perhaps ,undesirable ---other means must be found for curing an innocent outlet for the unud physical energy that produces love of excitement.
作文我的心愿
13This is a matter which has been too little considered, both by moralists and by social reformers .The social reformers are of the opinion that they have more rious things to consider , The moralists ,on the other hand ,are immenly impresd with the riousness of all the permitted outlets of the love of excitement; the riousness ,however ,in their minds is that of Sin. Dance halls ,cinemas ,this age of jazz are all ,if we may believe our ears gateways to Hell, and we should be better employed sitting at home contemplating our sins. 舞厅，电影院，这个爵士乐时代，如果我们
能相信自己的耳朵的话，都是通向地狱之门，我们最好坐在家里思过。I find mylf unable to be in entire agreement with the grave men who utter the warnings. The devil has many forms, some designed to deceive the young ,some designed to deceive the old and rious .If it is the devil that tempts the young to enjoy themlves ,is it not ,perhaps ,the same personage that persuades the old to condemn their enjoyment? And is not condemnation perhaps merely a form of excitement appropriate to old age? And is it not , perhaps ,a drug which ---like opium ---has to be taken in continually stronger dos to produce the desired effect? Is it not to be feared that ,beginning with the wickedness of the cinema, we should be led step by step to condemn the opposite political party ,dagoes ,wops, Asiatics ,and ,in short, everybody except the fellow members of our club? And it is from just such condemnations, when widespread, that wars proceed. I never heard of a war that proceed ed from dance halls.
超星学习通网址14What is rious about excitement is that so many of its forms are destructive. It is destructive in tho who cannot resist excess in alcohol or gambling. It is destructive when it takes the form of mob violence. And above all it is destructive when it leads to war. It is so deep a need that it will find harmful outlets of this kind unless innocent outlets are at hand.寻找刺激是如此强烈的需要, 如果身边没有无害的途径, 它便会找到这类有害的途径来发泄。There are such innocent outlets at prent in s
port, and in politics so long as it is kept in constitutional bounds. But the are not sufficient, especially as the kind of politics that is most exciting is also the kind that does most harm.
15Civilized life has grown altogether too tame, and, if it is to be stable, it must provide harmless outlets for the impuls which our remote ancestors satisfied in hunting. In
Australia ,where people are few and rabbits are many ,I watched a whole populace satisfying the primitive impul in the primitive manner by the skilful slaughter of many thousands of rabbits. But in London or New York, where people are many and rabbits are few, some other means must be found to gratify primitive impul. I think every big town should contain artificial waterfalls that people could descend in very fragile canoes, and they should contain bathing pools full of mechanical sharks. Any persons found advocating a preventive war should be condemned to two hours a day with the ingenious monsters.
罗素是20世纪声誉卓著、影响深远的思想家之一。在其漫长的一生中，完成了40余部著作，涉及哲学、数学、科学、论理学、社会学、教育、历史、宗教及政治等各个领域，对西方哲学产生了深刻影响。1950年获诺贝尔文学奖。
On Human Nature and Politics孕妇可以喝茶吗
论人性和政治
Undoubtedly the desire for food has been, and still is ,one of the main caus of great political events. But man differs from other animals in one very important respect, and that is that he has desires which are , so to speak, intimate, which can never be fully gratified, and which should keep him restless even in Paradi. The boa constrictor, when he had an adequate meal, goes to sleep, and does not wake until he needs another meal. Human beings, for the most not part are not like this. When the Arabs, who had been ud to living sparingly on a few dates acquired the riches of the Eastern Roman Empire and dwelt in palaces of almost unbelievable luxury, they did not, on that account, become inactive. Hunger could no longer be a motive, for Greek slaves supplied them with exquisite viands at the slightest nod. But other desires kept them active; four in particular , which we can label acquisitiveness , rivalry, vanity and love of power.毫无疑问，占有食物的欲望过去一直是，而且现在也仍然是导致重大政治事件的主要原因之一。而人不同于其他动物的一个重要方面在于人具有无止境的、永远无法满足的欲望，欲望使人即使到了天堂也会坐立不安。巨蟒饱食后就去睡觉，直到需要再进食时它才醒来，绝大部分人不像巨蟒那样。习惯于吃几个枣充饥的阿拉伯人没有因为获得了东罗马帝国的财富，稍一点头，希腊奴隶就会为他们端上最精美的食物，然而是其他欲望使他们行动起来，尤其是以下四种。可以称之为：占有欲，竞争欲、虚荣心、权力欲。
Acquisitiveness-the wish to posss as much as possible of goods , or the title to goods-is a motive which, I suppo, has its origin in a combination of fear with the desire for necessaries.占有欲--希望尽可能多地占有财产或拥有财产的所有权--是一个动机。我认为该动机产生于恐惧心理和拥有必需品的欲望结合之中。
I once befriended two little girls from Esthonia, who had narrowly escaped death from starvation in a famine. They lived in my family ,and of cour had plenty to eat.But they spent all their leisure visiting neighbouring farms and stealing potatoes, which they hoarded . Rockfeller ,who in his infancy had experienced great poverty ,spent his adult life in a similar manner.Similarly the Arab chieftains on their silken Byzantine divans could not forget the dert ,and hoarded riches far beyond any possible physical need. But whatever the psychoanalysis of acquisitiveness, no one can deny that it is one of the great motives -especially among the more powerful, for ,as I said before, it is one of the infinite motives .However much you may acquire you will always wish to acquire more ;satiety 饱食is a dream which will always elude you.我曾经帮助过两个来自爱沙尼亚的小姑娘，她俩在一次饥荒中差点被饿死。她们住在我家，当然有许多吃的，可是她们却利用整个闲暇时间到附近的农场去转，偷土豆，还把偷来的土豆贮藏起来。洛克菲勒年幼时经历了极
