时态及定语从句和状语从句复习
时态复习
⼀、⼀般现在时
1、构成：是以动词原形表⽰的，当主语是第三⼈称单数时，作谓语⽤的动词原形后要加s 或es
2、功⽤
（1）表⼀直发⽣的事，重复发⽣的事，客观事实或真理。
The earth goes around the sun.
The sun ris in the east.
Two and two is four.
(2)表习惯性，经常性动作
I go to Britain every year.
I often spend two years watching TV after finishing my homework in the evening.
(3)谈论时间表、旅程表、国籍等
What time does the film begin?
The train leaves Beijing at 9:15 and arrives in Shanghai at 6:30 the next morning.
(4)时间状语从句、条件状语从句中，主句是将来时，从句⽤⼀般现在时。
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we’ll go to the park.
When he comes back, he will find the room is empty.
⼆、⼀般过去时
1、构成：to do 形式：主语+过去式+…
to be 形式：主语+was/were+ …
2、功⽤
（1）表⽰过去的动作或状况
Where were you yesterday morning?
I was born in 1944.
全民阅读活动方案Did you meet your friend this morning?
（2）表⽰过去⼀段时间内经常或反复发⽣的动作
Bell often visited his uncle’s farm when he was a boy.
When Tom and John were at school, they sometimes played football together.
三、⼀般将来时
1、构成：主语+will/shall+动词原形
主语+be(is/am/are)+going to+动词原形
2、功⽤：都表⽰将来，但两者有时有区别，当表⽰主观⽅⾯“打算准备”去做什么事情的时候，表⽰事先计划的意图，⽤be going to do;⽽will(shall)多⽤来表⽰纯属客
观的将来，表⽰说话⼈当时决定的意图。
—What are you going to do this afternoon?
—I’m going to do some washing.
Y ou will be forty years old next year.
I fell ill now, and I’ll go to e the doctor.
I’m going to e the doctor this evening.
四、现在进⾏时
1、构成：主语+be(is/am/are)+doing+ …
2、功⽤
（1）表⽰说话时正在发⽣或进⾏的动作
钢琴家的英语Plea don’t make so much noi. I’m studying.
Let’s go out. It isn’t raining any more.
（2）表⽰现在较长⼀段时间内正在进⾏的动作
The weather is getting better and better.
荷花像什么— Have you heard about Tom?
—He is building his own hou.
⽐较⼀般现在时与现在进⾏时
A. Excu me, do you speak English?
B. Listen to tho people, what language are they speaking?
A. Tom plays tennis every Saturday.
B. —Where’s Tim?
拟声词大全
—He’s playing tennis.
五、过去进⾏时
1、构成：主语+was/were+动词的ing形式+ …
2、功⽤：表⽰过去某⼀具体时间或⼀段时间正在发⽣的动作
Our music teacher played the piano while we were singing.
— What were you doing at 9:00 yesterday evening?
坐位体前屈— I was doing my homework.
六、将来进⾏时
1、构成：主语+will be +现在分词+ …
2、功⽤：表⽰将来某⼀具体时间或⼀段时间正在发⽣的动作
I will be flying to Xi’an this time tomorrow.
The car will be going at the prent speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain.
七、现在完成时
1、构成：主语+have/has+过去分词+ …
2、功⽤
（1）表⽰经验或经历，常与ever与never连⽤。
Have you ever been to Hangzhou?
I’ve never travelled by air.
（2）表⽰最近发⽣过的情况或动作，常与already或yet连⽤。
We have already written to her.
She hasn’t spent much time on it yet.
(3)表⽰刚刚发⽣过的动作或事情，常与just连⽤。
They have just nt us a telegram.
She has just come here.
(4)表⽰过去发⽣，⽬前可能仍在继续进⾏下去的动作或事情。
He has lived there since 1950.
We have known each other for more than 2 years.
⼋、过去完成时
1、构成：主语+had+过去分词+ …
2、功⽤
（1）过去的过去。表⽰动作在过去某⼀时间或动作以前已经完成或刚刚完成。
Before 1988, I had never heard of George Bush.
The plane had already landed when we arrived at the airport.
（2）过去完成时相当于现在完成时的⾏为动作在过去时间范畴内的表达⽅法。
A. I am not hungry. I have just had lunch.
B. I wasn’t hungry. I’d just had lunch.
A. The hou is dirty. I haven’t cleaned it for weeks.
B. The hou was dirty. I hadn’t cleaned it for weeks.
(3) 过去完成时常⽤于间接引语。
The teacher told us that he had decided to give us an exam.
He said that he had been in England for ten years.
九、将来完成时
1、构成：主语+shall/will+have+ 过去分词+ …
捧什么大笑2、功⽤
（1）表⽰在过去某⼀时间之前已经完成的动作，常与by+时间名词连⽤When we get there, they’ll probably have left. I’ll have retired by the year 2019.
⽐较：
By the end of last term,we had learned five English songs.
We have learned 8 English songs so far.
By the end of this term, we’ll have learned 10 English songs.
⼗、现在完成进⾏时
1、构成：主语+have/has+been+doing+ …
2、功⽤
（1）表⽰动作从过去某⼀时间开始⼀直延续到现在，并且还在继续进⾏。
国难当头
I have been working in the factory since I left school.
It has been raining for three hours.
（2）表⽰动作从过去某⼀时间开始⼀直延续到现在刚结束，⽤以强调该动作在不久前持续进⾏的情景。
We’ve been looking for you everywhere. Where have you been?
After she has been waiting for nearly an hour, John suddenly appears.
⼗⼀、过去完成进⾏时
1、构成：主语+had+been+现在分词+ …
2、功⽤：表⽰过去某⼀具体时间之前⼀直进⾏着的⼀个动作。
Ken had been smoking for 30 years when he finally gave it up.
They had been playing for half an hour when there was a terrible storm. The football match had to be stopped.
定语从句
定语从句在句⼦中定语⽤，修饰句中的某⼀名词（或代词）。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先⾏词，先⾏词⼀般为⼈、物或事件。定语从句⼀般皆放在先⾏词之后。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可⽤做主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中⽤作状语。本章要求掌握定语从句的⽤法，以及正确使⽤定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词。
⼀、关系代词引导的定语从句
1、who在定语从句中作主语，只可指⼈。
Nobody who understands the subject would say such a thing.
The girl who is talking with Professor Li is my sister.
2、whom 在定语从句中作宾语，只可指⼈，在限制性定语从句中常可省略。
He is a man whom everybody respects.
I have just met an author whom I have never en before.
3、who在定语从句中⽤作定语，⼀般指⼈，也可指物。
The boys who names were called stood up.
I’d like a room who windows look out ove r the a.
4、that 在定语从句中作主语或宾语，指⼈或指物，多指物。
Is he the man that lls eggs?
Water that is impure often caus rious illness.
Have you got everything (that) you need?
*先⾏词为something, anything, everything, nothing, much, little 等修饰词以及way和reason等名词，或先⾏词前有最⾼级形容词以及first, last, next, only 等词修饰时，关系代词要⽤that, 但常省略。
There was nothing that interested him at the motor show.
This is the most valuable instrument that we have ever en.
5、which 在定语从句中指物，可作主语，宾语（在限制性定义从句中常可省略）
She was not on the train which arrived just now.
The dog which was lost has been found.
This is the book which you wanted.
6、as引导限制性定语从句，相当于which,that
Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.
Y ou must show my wife the same respect as you show me.
as引导⾮限制性定语从句时，常⽤来代表整个主句内容。
. As is well-known, Professor Wang is a famous scientist.
As is often the ca, I forgot to bring my dictionary.
⼆、关系副词引导的定语从句
1、when在定语从句中作时间状语，它的先⾏词必须是表⽰时间的名词。
Was that the first time when you went to Japan?
He came at a time when I was very busy.
2、where在定语从句中作地点状语，它的先⾏词须是表⽰地点的名词。
Mr. Wang is going to visit the university where he studied for 20 years.
This is the place where Li Ming was born.
3、why在定义从句中作原因状语，它的先⾏词只有reason⼀词。
Our teacher asked us the reason why we were late.
That’s why he spoke.
That was why I didn’t tell you.
山楂加一物两天瘦8斤三、限制性定语从句
它对于说明句⼦意义来说必不可少，如果取消它，句⼦意思就不完整。不⽤逗号隔开。
A man who doesn’t know how to learn from others can’t hope to achieve much.
Have you t the day when you will come?
四、⾮限制性定语从句
它对于说明句⼦意义来说未必不可少，与其所修饰的成分关系不⼗分密切，如果省略，剩下的部分意思仍很清楚，要有逗号与主句隔开。
She is going to spend the summer in Qingdao, where she has some friends and relatives.
Water, which is a clear liquid, has many us.
状语从句
状语从句就是担任状语成分的从属句，⼀般由从属连词和⼀些能表⽰从属关系的词和结构来连接。状语从句根据其⽤途分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、⽬的状语从句、条件状语从句，让步状语从句，⽅式状语从句等。本单元要求掌握状语从句的⽤途，掌握正确使⽤引导状语从句的从属连词，注意状语从句的时态变化。
⼀、时间状语从句：when, as, before, after, until, as soon as
1.When the light went out, the baby began to cry.
2.They talked as they had their lunch.
