非谓语动词
在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定 式.现在分词和过去分词
I •概述
不定式：
时态 | 主动态 | 被动态 |
一般式 | to do | to be done |
实行式 | to be doing | |
完成式 | to have built | 她的眼睛 to have been built |
| | |
He pretended to be listening to the teacher attentively.（实行式）
This work of art emed to have been created veral centuries ago.（完成式白勺被动态）
分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词的构成v+ing,过去分词为v+cd。苴否上式在其前加not, 分词句中可作定，状，补，表。
1.现在分词v・ing形式:
时态 | 主动态 | 被动态 |
一般式 | doing | being done |
| 吃菠萝 完成式 风景优美的句子 | having done | having been done |
| | |
注意：不及物动词没有被动式
现在分词的非谓语形式
Having finished his homework, he went playing.（完成式主动态）
All this having been ttled, he went home.（完成式被动态）
过去分词的非谓语形式
Encouraged by the teacher, we worked still harder than ever.
Seen from the hill, the town looks nice・
现在分词和过去分词的区别：
在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义：
在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在实行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已 经完成或没有一左的时间性。
2 •所做成分
项目/成分尿白蛋白高是什么原因 | 主语 | 表语 | 米剑峰 宾语 | 宾补 | 定语 | 状语 |
动词的ing形 式 | 现在分 词 | | △ | | △ | 篝火 △穿的英语 | △ |
动名词 | △ | △ | △ | | △ | |
不定式 | | △ | △ | △ | △ | △ | △ |
过去分词 | | | △ | | △ | △ | △ |
| | | | | | | |
注：现在分词.不怎式.过去分词都能够作独立成分。
II •基本知识
1 •动词不立式在句中充当的成分
1作主语。在很多情况下，常用it来充当动词不立式的形式主语。
It is important for us to leani English very well•对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。
2•动词不定式作动词的宾语，常用在以下动词后：
help, hope, ask, refu, decide♦ promi♦ wish, pretendt expect, arrange, learn, plan, demand, dare, manage, agree, prepare, fail, determine, offer, choo, desire, elects long, （happen> em） 在某些复合宾语中，用it做形式宾语，而把不定式放到后而去。
He considered it better to leave now•他认为最好现在就离开
I found it impossible to finish the work on time•我发现准时完成这项工作是不可能的°
3作定语（常置于名词之后）。
由only, last, next序数词或形容词最髙级修饰的轻词常用不左式做泄语；不左式还可用作轻词，代 词的宾语（ability, anything・ attempt, chance・ curiosity, desire, decision, deterniinatioir effort, failure, intention, need .nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promi ・ reason, right, something）
She is always the first to come and the last to leave..
I don't think he is the best man to do the job.我想他不是做这项工作的最佳人选。
注：动词不左式9后所接动词若是不及物动词，而不左式与英修饰的动词之间有动宾关系，这个 不進式后就应有必要的介词。
I haven't decided which hotel to stay at.
I found no one to play with.
4作状语
I walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.（不至于跌倒）（表目的）
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.（表结果）
She was happy to hear the news.（表原因）
不宦式常用于修饰下列形容词：
able,afraid.angr>; anxious, apt, careful, careless, certain, cleve匚 considerate, delighted. difficult.eager, easy, fit,
frightened , happy, interesting, likely, lucky, quick, ready, reluctant , right, sorry, surprid, sure, thoughtful, thoughtless, unable, unwilling, wrong etc.
▲在下列结构后常用不带 to 的动词不左式:had better, would rather, can not but, cannot help but, do nothing but 等。
I d better go now, or Fll miss the train.
They can not but accept his advice•我只好接受他的建议。
▲在except, but之前有动词do作实义动词，则except, but后一般接不带to的动词不左式，反之 则接带to的动词不定式。
We have no choice but to wai（•我们除了等待别无选择（我们只好等待）。
There is no choice but to go there・
There is nothing to do but to （to 可省略）read a book.
2.现在分词在句中充当的成分
1作主语
Eating too much is not good for your health.吃得太多对你的健康不利。
Not being able to u computer is a great barrier to his success.不会使用电脑是他成功的一个巨大
的障碍
2作泄语。作定语的分词如果是单个分词，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语则放在所修饰 的需词后而。在用作泄语时，分词在意思上接近一个定语从句。
The boring snow made the bored boys go home・
The man writing the note is my friend. （= The man who is writing the note is my friend.）
注：现在分词与过去分词都可作泄语，但现在分词表达的是正在实行的事情，有主动意义；而过 去分词表示的是已完成的事情，有被动意义。
3作表语、宾语补足语。能带分词作宾补的动词常见的有e, hear, keep. find, notice, watch, think, want, smell, obrve 等。
I found him reading a novel.在读小说（现在分词作宾语补足语）
I found him surrounded by a group of children.一群孩子包围着（过去分词作宾语补足语）
4作状语。分词作状语能够表示时间,原因，条件，结果，伴随情况。
Having read all the required papers, he answered the questions fluently.（时间）
Being short of money, I decided to apply for the work.（原 因）
Seriously injured, Allen was nished to the hospital.（原因）
If going there by plane, we'll have to pay twice as much・（条件）
Unless asked to answer questions, the pupils were not suppod to talk in Mrs Smith's class・（条件）
The farmer ud a new incticide, thus raising the average yield by 15%・（结果）
He sat in a rocking chair, watching TV.（伴随） 动名词
1动名词的复合结构
动需词的复合结构由物主代词或名词所有格+动需词构成。如果不是在句子开头，这种结构常能 够由名词的普通格或人称代词宾格+动需词构成，在句中可作主语.宾语等。例如：
Do you mind my closing the door? Do you mind me closing the door?
My closing the door made him angry.
I can't stand Lee s talking like that about other comrades・
2动名词的某些固定结构
▲It is + no u, no good（fun.a great pleasure, a waste of time,）等需词+doing sth.
It is no u crying.哭没有用©
It is no good objecting•反对也没有用。
It is a waste of time trying to explain.力耕设法解释是浪费时间。
