摘要
本文主要介绍电子货币的基本概念、特征和其在各国的发展情况。其中，前两章结合电子货币产生的背景对这一新型零售支付工具的范畴进行了界定；描述了电子货币产品的两种主要形式，即硬件类的智能卡型电子货币和软件类的网络型电子货币：并通过与传统货币比较指出电子货币具有成本低廉、使用方便、安全可靠等优势。后三章通过比较，着重介绍包括美国、欧洲、亚非拉国家、中国香港和内地在内的全球各地区电子货币发展的最新状况：从消费者、商家、发行商等角度分析了影响电子货币未来发展的诸多因素；在此基础上对电子货币的发展前景进行了多方面的预测和设想。
笑里藏刀是什么意思电子货币是以电子化方式对预存或授信的货币价值进行储存和传递，从而不通过银行帐户就能实现交易结算的零售支付工具。按存储介质不同，当前的电子货币产品可以分为硬件类的智能卡型电子货币和软件类的网络型电子货币两种。与其他传统货币形式相比，电子货币具有支付成本低廉、使用方便快捷、更为安全可靠等优势，但目前仍主要采用闭环流通的方式。当前美国和欧洲各主要国家在电子货币的研究与应用领域中居于全球领先的地位，已分别有多个电子货币应用系统投入试验运营或商业运作。亚非拉的少数新兴市场国家和发展中国家也利用自身技术先进的优势在电子货币开发应用方面取得了实质性的进展。我国由于受到支付网络基础设施欠缺和公众消费支付观念相对滞后的制约，对电子货币的试验研究应用与发达国家相比还有一定的差距。但最近几年，我国利用其他国家的已有成果并结合我国实际国情，在电子货币的研发上取得了很大的成绩，电子货币也在中国迅速普及。在应用范围加速扩大的情
况下，我们很有必要就现有的成果做一总结，思考电子货币在发展过程中的收益与风险，为电子货币的进一步发展打下基础。
陶惠敏电子货币的应用很大程度上规避了传统信用货币的缺陷，但还会引发包括信用风险、流动性风险、利率风险、外汇风险、经营战略风险、运作风险、违规风险、名誉风险及法律风险在内的诸多金融风险，从而影响支付系统的有效运作和公众对支付工具的信心，并可能进一步导致整个金融市场的动荡。中央银行在目前可以采取对电子货币支付结算系统进行监督和对电子货币经营机
送别的诗词构、特别是电子货币发行商实施谨慎监管这两项政策措施，来有效防范电子货币所引起的可能危及金融体系稳定的上述各种系统性风险。
当前世界各国各主要电子货币系统方案尚未统一，不同的系统在实施中的区别在于，其技术实现手段、经营机构设置、币值传递方式、交易记录方式以及币种有所不同。本文通过对几个具有典型意义国家和地区电子货币发展情况的介绍，总结了电子货币发展的各种特征，对电子货币的风险进行了提示。
电子货币的未来发展受到发行商参与积极性、社会对现金流通的依赖程度、支付网络基础设施建设等诸多因素的影响，而最关键的因素则是消费者与商家对电子货币的接纳程度。就目前来看，可对电子货币的发展前景作如下预测:文档怎么做表格
(i)电子货币最终将得到广泛的应用普及;
(ii)在近期内电子货币产品仍将保留与现金相仿的诸多特征;
(iii)智能卡型电子货币将为消费者提供众多的附加服务功能;
(iv)电子货币在世界部分地区的蓬勃兴起将促进其在全球范围内迅速普及。
关键词：电子货币，智能卡，商业信用货币
Abstract
The main part of this paper is going to introduce the fundamental concepts, characters of e-money, and its development in different countries. In the former two chapters of this paper，we define this new retail payment method by combining the emerging background of e-money; There are two types of e-money products having been described, i.e. “Hardware IC card e-money” and “Software Network e-money”. And propo e-money’s advantages in terms of lower cost， convenient and safe usage and so forth through comparing it with traditional currency. Then， by comparing and contrasting in the later three chapters，the paper focus on introducing the latest development of e-money in worldwide，the area such as US， Europe，Asia， Africa， Latin and Hong Kong. We an
alyze various factors which could influence the future development of e-money from the views of customers， retailers and issuance institutions. In addition， we prent a lot of predictions and assumptions in the prospects of e-money.芦荟胶有什么作用
E-money is a retail payment tool, which bad on electronic technology, and can retain and transfer the saved and the credit value of currency, and then achieve transaction ttlement without using bank account. According to different storage types, current e-money products can be divided into “Hardware IC card e-money” and “Software Network e-money”. Comparing with other traditional types of currency, e-money is advantageous in lower payment cost， convenient and safe usage, etc. But it is remaining in aled liquidity. Now, the US and Europe countries are at the leading positions in e-money’s study and practice. There are many e-money application systems have been in test-operation or real business operation process. Developing countries and a few of emerging market countries in Asia, African and Latin made milestone in e-money’s developing and application with their own technological advantages. Our country is restricted by the lack of the infrastructure of payment network and relative outdated public consuming view. And there is a gap in rearch, development and application of e-money between our
country and developed countries. But recently, our country makes u of other countries’ achieveme
nts, and combing with our countries’ situation, great break through has been made. And e-money is publicizing rapidly. With the accelerate increa in application area, it is necessary to make a summary for our achievements, and consider the risk and benefit in e-money’s development process. And lay a foundation for e-money’s further development.
The application of e-money greatly avoids the shortage of traditional credit currency. But it still may cau many types of financial risk including credit risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk, strategic risk, operating risk, default risk, reputation risk and legal risk. And then influence the effective operating and public confidence over payment system and payment tools. And further more, it may cau crisis in the whole financial market. Central bank could resist all types of systematic risk mentioned above which may influence the stability of financial system by supervising e-money payment system and e-money’s operating institutions, especially the issuers of e-money.
The proposal of major e-money’ systems in each country have not been harmonized yet. The differences in each system undertaking process are, the methods of realization, the tting of operating institutions, the method of value transfer, the method of recording transactions and the difference in currency types. The paper summarizes the characteristics of e-money’s development, a
nd gives cautions on e-money’s risk by introducing e-money’s development in veral classic countries.
压一个月工资The future development of e-money is influenced by the enhancement of issuers, the degree of society’s reliability over cash flow and the infrastructure of payment network. However, the most critical factor is the degree of customer and retailers’ acceptance on e-money. According to current situation, we can make following predictions on e-money’s prospect:
(i)Ultimately, e-money will be widely ud.
培训汇报(ii)In a short period, e-money will still keep many cash’s characteristics.
(iii)IC card e-money will provide may additional rvice functions for customers
(iv)T he emerging development of e-money in some areas will eventually promote the spreading process.
你的凭据不工作Key words: E-money, IC card, Comercial credit money
