纺织机械的发展
纺织机械是为纺织工业生产建设服务的行业，我国纺织工业发展的设备基础，从建国开始就明确立足于国内的原则，目前我国棉纺设备总量超过4千万锭，织机总量超过100万台，拥有量均居世界第1位，其中90％以上由国内自行制造提供。我国纺织机械工业经过40多年的努力，已能自己生产棉纺、毛纺、麻纺、丝绢、织造、染整、化纤、针织、非织造布、服装等纺织机械和纺织专用仪器、器材等15个行业1700多个品种的成套设备，形成了一定的能力规模和制造体系。但从总体上讲，我国纺织机械和国际先进水平相比，仍有着较大的差距，品种、质量和设备的成套水平，远远跟不上我国纺织工业发展的新形势，具体表现在低水平设备的生产能力有余，高水平设备的生产能力不足或还不能生产，需要改进提高。
纺织机械是纺织纤维加工的专用机械，各类纤维从原料处理、生产到制成在市场销售的纺织成品有着各自的加工特征和加工系统，具有工艺流程长、工艺技术复杂、机械设备成套性强，在长时间连续运转条件下，为保证纺织产品质量，设备必须具有高可靠性、稳定性和一致性。
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（1）工艺流程长、工艺技术复杂、设备成套性强。纺织产品的加工工艺基本原理是将纤维原料均匀喂入，进行开松、除杂、混和、梳理成条、混和并条、粗纺、精纺成为纱线；再将纱线经过络筒、整理、浆纱、穿筘、织造或针织成布，然后将布经炼漂、染色或印花、后整理加工制成服装用面料、衬里以及
其他不同的用途。除了前后道生产主机的成套性要求外，还需要有一系列辅机和检测仪器的配套，如整个流程的通风、吸尘、滤尘、落纱设备等等。为使一个纺织工厂能投入正常、稳定生产，所用设备必须前后、左右相互配套，衔接工艺要求。由于成套纺织机械品种多，关键零部件和专件多，批量大，不可能在一、二个企业中组织成套生产。所以纺织机械工业在开始创建时不仅重视成套设备的开发，又按成台机械、专配件进行专业化分工，在全国范围内采取协作成套的原则组织生产。与此同时，重视了纺织机械的标准化、通用化和系列化并形成系统，对实现专业分工、全国配套工作起着推动和促进作用。
（2）可靠性、稳定性、一致性要求高。纺织工业生产特点之一是普遍采用日夜三班连续运转的方式，部分化纤设备要求年连续运转8000h不中断。纺织机械在长期连续运转条件下必须可靠、稳定。即机械的无故障率要高，运转要稳定。以染色机
芳菲的意思是什么
械为例，在同批坯布和染料条件下，须具有速度、压力、温度、液流等工艺参数的较高稳定性，以防止成品出现色差、掉色或染色不匀等缺陷。铸铁件在纺织机械零件中目前仍占有较大比重（纺机、织机一般达40％～60％），铸件一般是壁薄、形状复杂、要求表面光洁，少沾纤维和便于清扫。制造工艺水平是保证整台机械的稳定性和一致性的前提，现代纺织机械要通过整机装配和机械运转，验证其能否符合“三性”要求，从而保证出厂机械的质量。
（3）工业卫生和三废防治要求高。在纺织工业生产过程中一般会产生粉尘和飞花（棉毛麻等短纤维），如不加以处理，会严重污染生产环境，损害操作人员的身体健康，影响产品质量，甚至有可能发生粉尘燃爆事故，造成人身伤亡和财产损失。（A）以下，努力降低生产车间的总体噪声。在化纤和印染生产过程中会产生工业废水、废液，造成环境污染，要求纺织机械做到少排放、多回收利用。
随着纺织工业的发展，从70年代开始，国际纺织品由一般产品向优质、高档、高附加值产品的方向发展，从而推动各种优质、高效、自动化程度高、用人少的新型纺织机械的研究开发，进一步促进和加快纺织机械的技术进步。当前各大类纺织机械的发展趋势大体如下。
消石利胆胶囊>陶铸（1）纺纱机械继续向优质、高产、高效和连续化、自动化方向发展。如棉纺机械普遍采用多包细抓、均匀混和、逐渐开松、多梳少打、杂质早落、少伤纤维的抓、清梳联合机，全过程采用计算机监测、监控，梳棉配置复合式自调匀整装置以保证生条的均匀度。近几年，工业发达国家为实现纺纱行业由劳动密集型向技术密集型方向转变，纺纱机械的连续化、自动化得到迅速提高，如自动开棉包和连续抓棉、开清梳联合机和细纱络筒联合机，梳棉、精梳、并条、粗纱和细纱之间已实现了工序间无人运输车或吊挂装置将半成品送到下道工序的自动运输系统，初步满足了无人或少人纺纱车间的需要。此外，转杯纺纱机、平行纺纱机、摩擦纺纱机和喷气纺纱机等新型纺纱机械近年发展迅速，日趋成熟。
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解说词
（2）织造机械由于无梭织机具有入纬率高、优质、高效、品种适应性广、噪声低等优点，已成为世界各国采用的主要机型。此外，计算机辅助纹织设计，电子多臂和电子提花装置的推广应用也是织造技术现代化的发展趋势。针织机械随着针织品的发展，近年来在性能、速度和机电一体化水平方面有很大提高，微机控制织物花型已普遍采用。
（3）染整机械的发展趋势是在广泛应用电子技术基础上强化染整工艺条件的实现，空气炸锅美食
在整个生产过程中加强在线检测，进一步自动控制生产工艺条件，向优质、高效、多功能、小浴比、节能和减少公害方向发展。整理机械主要是发挥化学整理和机械整理的特点，有时是相互交替，增添整理功能，为提高织物档次、改善织物服用性能和满足特殊功能的要求，进一步提高织物的附加值。
（4）化学纤维的发展是开发新品种、高质量、多功能、仿真和高附加值产品。化学纤维机械中合成纤维机械的发展趋势是继续向高速、高效、大容量、短流程、自动化方向发展，使纤维生产达到稳产、高产、少人操作、便于变换产品品种。粘胶纤维机械向连续、自动化、高速、大容量、节能和少污染方向发展。我国化纤机械为提高技术水平，需结合我国国情重点发展：1）开发大生产能力腈纶成套设备。在完成干法腈纶成套设备的同时，进一步开发二步法湿法腈纶纺丝成套设备；2）开发生产涤纶差别化纤维和微细纤维、超细纤维的成套设备以及年产3万t能力的涤纶成套设备；3）开发年生产能力5000t的锦纶6聚合、纺丝成套设备；4）开发新型锦、涤纶工业用丝成套设备；5）开发年生产
能力2万t的粘胶短纤维前处理和纺丝生产线以及新型粘胶长丝设备。加快企业自身技术改造，应用现代制造技术和加工设备，掌握现代企业管理方法，能根据市场需要，努力开发新的纺织机械产品，及时提供水平高又符合我国国情的纺织机械，更好地为我国纺织工业的现代化服务。
附件2：外文原文
Development of spinning and weaving machinery Spinning and weaving machinery is to be that textile industry produces the industry that construction rves, equipment basis that our country textile industry develops, from building up a country beginning to keep a foothold in domestic principle definitely, our country cotton spinning equipment all quantity exceeds 40 million ingots at prent , loom all quantity exceeds 1 million , own amounts occupy the 1st world without exception , provide among them above 90% from in the homeland proper motion fabrication. Our country spinning and weaving mechanical industry by efforts made for more than 40 years, already can lf have produced cotton spinning , wool spinning , bast fibre spinning , silk 15 industry more than 1,700 breed complete ts of equipment such as thin tough silk , instrument , equipment and material weaving , dyeing the round number , chemical fiber , spinning and weaving machinery and spinning and weaving special u knitting , must weave cloth , uniforms , etc., have formed certain ability scale and have created system. Our country spinning and weaving machinery and advanced internat
ional level are compared with each other , still are have bigger gap but from talking as a whole,breed , mass and equipment level in complete t, cannot keep abreast with the new circumstances that our country textile industry develops over, the efficiency showing concretely in low level equipment is odd , high tone equipment efficiency is insufficient or can not give birth to a child , need to improve ri.
spinning and weaving machinery is the special u machinery that spinning and weaving fibre
process , the finished product fibre of all kinds is produced from the material handling, to manufacturing spinning and weaving lling in marketplace has the respective treating characteristic and process system, have the process flow is long , the technology is complicated , the machinery equipment complete t is strong, under longtime continuous duty condition, be ensure that spinning and weaving product quality , equipment must have high reliability , stability and compatibility.
(1) process flow is long , the technology is complicated , the equipment complete t
is strong. Spinning and weaving product treating handicraft basal principle is that fibre raw material is entered homogeneously hey , carry out an opening , comb able strip , blend drawing out , the roving except miscellaneous , blending,spinning become yarn; Again, yarn is tempered with fire by th
at spooling, arranging , the sizing , denting , the cloth weaving or knitting Cheng, will spread classics then bleaching , is arranges manufacture a clothing from plus material , lining and other different u of treating behind dyeing or the revenue stamp. Except that the front and back says that the complete t producing a lead plane's demands, need to forming a complete t having a ries of auxiliary engine and detecting instrument, if entire technological process ventilation , dust absorption, filter dust , doff equipment etc. Be made a spinning and weaving factory can throw into giving birth to a child, regular , stable by be made a spinning and weaving factory can throw into giving birth to a child regular , stable, technological requirements. Key component and part and the end document are many , batches are big since the spinning and weaving machinery breed in complete t is many,organization gives birth to a child in complete t impossibly in one, two enterpri. Therefore spinning and weaving mechanical industry establishes the exploitation taking complete ts of equipment riously now and then not only in beginning, the accessory carries out division of labour on the basis of specialization according to becoming platform machinery , end , adopts the principle organization in complete t who cooperates within the whole nation range giving birth to a child. Meanwhile, have taken spinning and weaving machinery normalizing riously , be applied or ud universally-rization preparing the system being riated and taking form, the whole nation supporting job are playing drive and promote role to realizing division of labour bad on specialization.
(2) reliability , stabilities , compatibility demand height. That textile industry produces one of characteristic is common adopt Class Three continuous duty way , part chemical fiber equipment demand annual continuous duty 8000 hs blocks of wood be interrupted day and night. Spinning and weaving machinery must reliable , stabilize under long range continuous duty condition. The fault-free rates being machinery ask height , the travel to need to stabilize. Take dyeing machinery as example , must have
