Affirmation and negation
. Warm-up：由于语言习惯不同，英汉互译中往往出现分别从正面和反面表达同一概念的现象。我们在处理译文时可以根据具体情况，将原文中从正面表达的句子翻译成从反面表达的句子(反译)，或将原文中从反面表达的句子翻译成从正面表达的句子(正译)。有时，同一个句子既可以翻译成从正面表达的句子，又可以翻译成从反面表达的句子。这就需要译者根据语境选用一种能更准确、更忠实地传递原文信息的译文。初生婴儿护理
英语正面表达指的是不带否定词 no, not , never ,否定前缀 non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-和否定后缀-less 等的句子。汉语正面表达则是指不带“不”、“没有” “无” 、“非”、“未”、 “否”、 “休”、 “勿”、“别“莫”、 “毋” 等否定词语的句子；反之则是反面表达。
But we are getting ahead of the story
可是我们已经说到故事的后面去了
The thought of returning to his native land never derted him amid his tribulation.
J尽管深处苦难之中，但归国的念头一直萦绕在他的心头
他一直想成为总经理的助手
The thought of becoming an assistant to the general manager never derted him
Mattie’s hand was underneath, and Ethan kept his clasp on it a moment longer than necessary.
玛蒂的手在下面,伊坦把它握住 没有立刻就放。
Once in a while, a tragedy occurs which touches even the most ca-hardened heart.
悲剧不时发生连那些麻木不仁的人们也有所触动。
As I approve of a youth that has something of the old man in him, so I am no less plead with an old man that has something of the youth. He that followed this rule may be old in body, but can never be so in mind.
我即赞赏老成持重的青年,也同样赞赏保有青春朝气的老人。这样的人，身体会衰老，但是思想永远年轻活跃
That time when we caught Molly I doubled up with laughter. (Uncle Tom’s Cabin)
我们抓住莫莉那一回,我笑得直不起腰来。键盘上的顿号
Never leave till tomorrow that which you can do today. (Franklin)今日事今日毕
那座大楼处于无人管理的状态。
That building is in a state of neglect
在收据尚未签字以前不得付款。
Before the receipt has been signed, the money must not be paid.
俗话说，‘男儿有泪不轻弹，皆因未到伤心处’嘛。（周克芹：《许茂和他的女儿们》）
As the saying goes, “Men only shed tears when (they are) deeply hurt.”
Men never weep unless and until deeply hurt
Riot police防暴警察 crisis law反危机法案（即anti-crisis law)）
、 hunger march反饥饿游行
poker-faced一本正经的面容，面无表情的人 防尘面具dust mask；dust respirator
止咳糖浆 cough syrup
Plea tender exact fare. 恕不找零(无人售票车)
Keep off the lawn! ]请勿践踏草坪！
Wet paint! 油漆未干,
I lay awake almost the whole night. 我几乎一夜没睡着。
He was the last man to say such things. 他绝不会说这样的话。
Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you?
你想知道她为什么不想见到你？
I believe that my students will prove worthy of my trust.
我相信学生们不会辜负我的信任
Tell your old story to someone who believes it.
我才不信你这套老话呢。
I’m wir than to believe what you call money talks.
我不至于愚蠢到相信你所谓的金钱万能的说法。
.Affirmative in English; Negative in Chine
英语中的有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的。这类词从形态上看都不是由否定词缀构成，是肯定式；从词义上讲，它们大多数是某些词的反义词，通过长期的历史演变，这些曾完全作为反义词用的词义又引申出其它否定的词义。一些语言学家称之为“含蓄否定词”，另一些语言学家则称之为“暗指否定词”。使用含蓄否定词表达否定概念常常具有某种独特的修辞效果，它有时会使语言生动活泼或增添含蓄、耐人寻味的效果。
1. 含有否定意义的动词，译为否定句: 句子中并无 no, not, never 等词汇，但动词含有否定语气，可译为否定句。这类动词如fail, miss, lack, hold, differ, ignore，refu, withhold, refrain (from), neglect, deny, defy, overlook, exclude 等在句子中出现, 就可运用反译法, 这样会使意义更明确。
To our disappointment, he failed to take the overall situation into account.
使我们失望的是,他不顾大局
The claims mentioned above shall be regarded as being accepted if the Sellers fail to reply within 30 days after the Sellers received the Buyers’ claim.
若卖方收到买房的索赔后30 天未予答复，则认为卖方已接受买房索赔
If the weather holds a couple of days，the plane will take off.
要是天气三两天内保持不变,飞机就起飞
The first bombs misd the target.
第一批炸弹没有击中目标
Avoid operating the keys roughly.
使用按键,儿童运动勿用力过猛。
People under 18 are excluded from joining the club.
十八岁以下的人不得参加这个俱乐部
The error in calculation escaped the accountant.
这个计算上的错误没有被会计发觉
你为何知情不报？Why did you withhold evidence?
2.含有否定意义的名词，译为否定句:句子中含有否定语气的名词，可译为否定句。这类名词如 abnce, exclusion，lack, failure, denial, defiance, ignorance, neglect, refusal, reluctance, variance等在句子中出现, 就可运用反译法, 这样使表达更为符合情理。
Her child was in a terrible state of neglect.
她的孩子们简直没人管
His abnce of mind during the driving nearly caud an accident.
他驾车时心不在焉，险些引起一场车祸
There was a complete abnce of information on the oil deposit in that area.
棋盘
关于该地区的石油蕴藏情况,人们毫无所知。
The two brothers have been at variance for many years.
这兄弟两个不和睦已经好多年了
Never concentrate all your attention on one or two problems to the exclusion of others.
不要把你的注意力集中在几个个别的问题上，看看别的
蛋牌
以一持万I have read your article. I expect to meet 交通安全事故an older man.
拜读了你的大作,没想到你这样年轻
The officials, speaking on condition of anonymity, say that the talk ended with agreement to move on the bilateral negotiations but with no accord on sites.
>工资条格式
