托福TPO3阅读真题Part1原文及答案参考卡通猫咪图片
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小黄人3托福TPO3阅读真题原文：Part1
Architecture
Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclo space for practical and symbolic purpos. Becau architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.
Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively ek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of lif
e. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.
In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpo, architecture employs methods of support that, becau they are bad on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically. The world's architectural structures have also been devid in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of the in different parts of the structure.
Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progresd to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclo space with much greater ea and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and tho of comparable size built one hundred years ago.
Modern architectural forms generally have three parate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of cour in early architecture-such as igloos and adobe structures-there was no such equipment, a
nd the skeleton and skin were often one.
Much of the world's great architecture has been constructed of stone becau of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world's finest stone architecture can be en in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of parate stone or brick gments. The arch was ud by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and ud the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the micircular arch made of parate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by
luxunthe vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.
Paragraph 1: Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclo space for practical and symbolic purpos. Becau architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.
托福TPO3阅读真题Part1题目
1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:
○Architecture is visual art.
○Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.
○Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions.演员的歌词
亚人真人版电影
○Architecture has an indirect effect on life.
Paragraph 2: Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively ek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.
2.The word "feasible" in the passage is clost in meaning to
○in existence
○without question
○achievable
○most likely
3. The word "enhance" in the passage is clost in meaning to
好玩的英文○protect
基本的英语○improve
定性因素○organize
○match
Paragraph 3: In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpo, architecture employs methods of support that, becau they are bad on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically. The world's architectural structures have also been devid in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be a
nalyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of the in different parts of the structure.
