托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Arch托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Architecture
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托福阅读原文
Architecture is theart and science of designing structures that organize and enclo space forpractical and symbolic purpos. Becau architecture grows out of human needsand aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visualarts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines thecharacter of the human environment in major ways.
麦卢卡蜂蜜Architecture is athree-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, andcolor. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with avariety of elements. Humans instinctively ek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of
life. It is the work of architects to createbuildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration anddelight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrichspace, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an importantmember of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporarybuildings can be traced to both clients and architects.
In order for thestructure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpo,architecture employs methods of support that, becau they are bad onphysical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials havechanged dramatically.Theworld’s architecturalstructures have also beendevidin relation to the objectivelimitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they dealwith downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand theforces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, ora combination of the in different parts of the structure.
Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials andmethods of construction are integralparts of the design of architecturestructures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systemssuitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick.Today technology has progresd to the point where it is possible to invent newbuilding materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes inmaterials and techniques of construction within the last few generations havemade it possible to enclo space with much greater ea and speed and with aminimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference inweight between buildings built now and tho of comparable size built onehundred years ago.
西湖六月中Modernarchitectural forms generally have three parate components comparable toelements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skinenclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. Theequipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, andair-conditioning. Of cour in early architecture—suchas igloos and adobe structures—there was no suchequ
ipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.
Much of the world’s great architecture has beenconstructed of stone becau of its beauty, permanence, and availability. Inthe past, whole cities grew from thearduoustask of cutting and pilingstone upon. Some of the world’s finest stonearchitecture can be en in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchuhigh in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. Thedoorways andwindowsare made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beamsthat support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be madebefore the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and newarchitectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curvedstructure originally made of parate stone or brick gments. The arch wasud by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for undergrounddrains, but it was the Romans who first developed and ud the arch extensivelyin aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the micircular arch madeof parate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch cansupport greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression todivert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by th
三十六计读后感evertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the manyimportant structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecturethroughout the centuries.
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托福阅读试题
1. According toparagraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:
A.Architecture isvisual art.
B.Architecturereflects the cultural values of its creators.
C.Architecture hasboth artistic and scientific dimensions.
D.Architecture hasan indirect effect on life.
2. The word “feasible”in the passage (paragraph 2) is clost in meaning to
A.in existence
B.without question
C.achievable
D.most likely
3. The word “enhance”in the passage (paragraph 2) is clost in meaning to
喝中药能喝啤酒吗A.protect
B.improve
Canize
D.match
4. Which of thentences below best express the esntial information in thehighlightedntencein the passage (paragragh 3) ? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out esntial information.
A.Unchangingphysical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be madewith materials discovered long ago.
B.Buildingmaterials have changed in order to increa architectural size and strength,but physical laws of structure have not changed.
C.When people firststarted to build, the structural methods ud to provide strength and size wereinadequate becau they were not bad on physical laws.
D.Unlike buildingmaterials, the methods of support ud in architecture have not changed overtime becau they are bad on physical laws.
5. The word “devid”in the passage (paragragh 3) is clost in meaning to
A.combined
B.created
C.introduced阳曦
D.suggested
6. The word “integral”(paragraph 4) is clost in meaning to
A.esntial
税务稽查最坏结果B.variable
C.practical
D.independent
7. According toparagraph 4, which of the following is true about materialsud in theconstruction of buildings?
A.Becau newbuilding materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed verylittle from past generations.
