Designation:D3359–02
Standard Test Methods for
Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test1
This standard is issued under thefixed designation D3359;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the ca of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parenthes indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for u by agencies of the Department of Defen.
1.Scope
1.1The test methods cover procedures for asssing the adhesion of coatingfilms to metallic substrates by applying and removing pressure-nsitive tape over cuts made in thefilm.
1.2Test Method A is primarily intended for u at job sites while Test Method B is more suitable for u in the laboratory. Also,Test Method B is not considered suitable forfilms thicker than5mils(125µm).
N OTE1—Subject to agreement between the purchar and the ller, Test Method B can be ud for thickerfilms if wider spaced cuts are employed.
1.3The test methods are ud to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is at a generally adequate level.They do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measure-ment are required.
N OTE2—It should be recognized that differences in adherability of the coating surface can affect the results obtained with coatings having the same inherent adhesion.
1.4In multicoat systems adhesion failure may occur be-tween coats so that the adhesion of the coati
ng system to the substrate is not determined.
1.5The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.The values given in parenthes are for information only.
1.6This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns,if any,associated with its u.It is the responsibility of the ur of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to u.
稀罕的拼音2.Referenced Documents泪眼
2.1ASTM Standards:
D609Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels for Testing Paint,Varnish,Conversion Coatings,and
Related Coating Products2
D823Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint,Varnish,and Related Products on Test Panels2 D1000Test Method For Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive-Coated Tapes Ud for Electrical and Electronic Applica-tions3
D1730Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting4
D2092Guide for Preparation of Zinc-Coated(Galvanized) Steel Surfaces for Painting5二十四孝图主要内容
D2370Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coatings2
D3330Test Method for Peel Adhesion of Pressure-Sensitive Tape6
D3924Specification for Standard Environment for Condi-tioning and Testing Paint,Varnish,Lacquer,and Related Materials2
D4060Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abrar2
3.Summary of Test Methods
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3.1Test Method A—An X-cut is made through thefilm to the substrate,pressure-nsitive tape is applied over the cut and then removed,and adhesion is assd qualitatively on the0 to5scale.
3.2Test Method B—A lattice pattern with either six or eleven cuts in each direction is made in thefilm to the substrate,pressure-nsitive tape is applied over the lattice and then removed,and adhesion is evaluated by comparison with descriptions and illustrations.
4.Significance and U
4.1If a coating is to fulfill its function of protecting or decorating a substrate,it must adhere to it for the expected rvice life.Becau the substrate and its surface preparation (or lack of it)have a drastic effect on the adhesion of coatings, a method to evaluate adhesion of a coating to different substrates or surface treatments,or of different coatings to the
1The test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01on
Paint and Related Coatings,Materials,and Applications and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D01.23on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films.
Current edition approved Aug.10,2002.Published October2002.Originally published as D3359–74.Last previous edition D3359–97.
2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol06.01.
3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol10.01.
4Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol02.05.
5Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol06.02.
6Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol15.09. 1
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same substrate and treatment,is of considerable ufulness in the industry.
4.2The limitations of all adhesion methods and the specific limitation of this test method to lower levels of adhesion (e 1.3)should be recognized before using it.The intra-and inter-laboratory precision of this test method is similar to other widely-accepted tests for coated substrates (for exam
ple,Test Method D 2370and Test Method D 4060),but this is partly the result of it being innsitive to all but large differences in adhesion.The limited scale of 0to 5was lected deliberately to avoid a fal impression of being nsitive.
TEST METHOD A—X-CUT TAPE TEST
5.Apparatus and Materials
5.1Cutting Tool —Sharp razor blade,scalpel,knife or other cutting devices.It is of particular importance that the cutting edges be in good condition.
5.2Cutting Guide —Steel or other hard metal straightedge to ensure straight cuts.
5.3Tape —25-mm (1.0-in.)wide mitransparent pressure-nsitive tape 7with an adhesion strength agreed upon by the supplier and the ur is needed.Becau of the variability in adhesion strength from batch-to-batch and with time,it is esntial that tape from the same batch be ud when tests are to be run in different laboratories.If this is not possible the test method should be ud only for ranking a ries of test coatings.
5.4Rubber Erar ,on the end of a pencil.
5.5Illumination —A light source is helpful in determining whether the cuts have been made through the film to the substrate.
6.Test Specimens
6.1When this test method is ud in the field,the specimen is the coated structure or article on which the adhesion is to be evaluated.
6.2For laboratory u apply the materials to be tested to panels of the composition and surface conditions on which it is desired to determine the adhesion.
N OTE 3—Applicable test panel description and surface preparation methods are given in Practice D 609and Practices D 1730and D 2092.N OTE 4—Coatings should be applied in accordance with Practice D 823,or as agreed upon between the purchar and the ller.
N OTE 5—If desired or specified,the coated test panels may be subjected to a preliminary exposure such as water immersion,salt spray,or high humidity before conducting the tape test.The conditions and time of exposure will be governed by ultimate coating u or shall be agreed upon between the purchar and ller.
7.Procedure
7.1Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections.For tests in the field,ensure that the surface is
clean and dry.Extremes in temperature or relative humidity may affect the adhesion of the tape or the coating.
7.1.1For specimens which have been immerd:After immersion,clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating.Then dry or prepare the surface,or both,as agreed upon between the purchar and the ller.
7.2Make two cuts in the film each about 40mm (1.5in.)long that interct near their middle with a smaller angle of between 30and 45°.When making the incisions,u the straightedge and cut through the coating to the substrate in one steady motion.
7.3Inspect the incisions for reflection of light from the metal substrate to establish that the coating film has been penetrated.If the substrate has not been reached make another X in a different location.Do not attempt to deepen a previous cut as this may affect adhesion along the incision.
7.4Remove two complete laps of the pressure-nsitive tape from the roll and discard.Remove an additional length at a steady (that is,not jerked)rate and cut a piece about 75mm (3in.)long.
7.5Place the center of the tape at the interction of the cuts with the tape running in the same direction as the smaller angles.Smooth the tape into place by finger in the area of the incisions and then rub firmly with the erar on the end of a pencil.The color under the transparent tape is a uful indication of when good contact has been made.
7.6Within 90630s of application,remove the tape by izing the free end and pulling it off rapidly (not jerked)back upon itlf at as clo to an angle of 180°as possible.
7.7Inspect the X-cut area for removal of coating from the substrate or previous coating and rate the adhesion in accor-dance with the following scale:
5A No peeling or removal,
4A Trace peeling or removal along incisions or at their interction,
3A Jagged removal along incisions up to 1.6mm (1⁄16in.)on either side,2A Jagged removal along most of incisions up to 3.2mm (1⁄8in.)on either side,
1A Removal from most of the area of the X under the tape,and 0A
Removal beyond the area of the X.
7.8Repeat the test in two other locations on each test panel.For large structures make sufficient tests to ensure that the adhesion evaluation is reprentative of the whole surface.7.9After making veral cuts examine the cutting edge and,if necessary,remove any flat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly on a fine oil stone before using again.Discard cutting tools that develop nicks or other defects that tear the film.8.Report
8.1Report the number of tests,their mean and range,and for coating systems,where the failure occurred that is,between first coat and substrate,between first and cond coat,etc.8.2For field tests report the structure or article tested,the location and the environmental conditions at the time of testing.
8.3For test panels report the substrate employed,the type of coating,the method of cure,and the environmental conditions at the time of testing.
8.4If the adhesion strength of the tape has been determined in accordance with Test Methods D 1000or D 3330,report the
7
Permacel 99,manufactured by Permacel,New Brunswick,NJ 08903,and available from various Permacel tape distributors,is reported to be suitable for this purpo.The manufacturer of this tape and the manufacturer of the tape ud in the interlaboratory study (e RR:D01-1008),have advid this subcommittee that the properties of the tapes were changed.Urs of it should,therefore,check whether current material gives comparable results to previous supplied
material.
results with the adhesion rating(s).If the adhesion strength of the tape has not been determined,report the specific tape ud and its manufacturer.
8.5If the test is performed after immersion,report immer-sion conditions and method of sample preparation.
9.Precision and Bias8
9.1In an interlaboratory study of this test method in which operators in six laboratories made one adhesion measurement on three panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of adhesion,th
e within-laboratories standard deviation was found to be0.33and the between-laboratories0.44.Bad on the standard deviations,the following criteria should be ud for judging the acceptability of results at the95%confidence level:
9.1.1Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a large surface,results obtained by the same operator should be considered suspect if they differ by more than1rating unit for two measurements.
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9.1.2Reproducibility—Two results,each the mean of trip-licates,obtained by different operators should be considered suspect if they differ by more than1.5rating units.
9.2Bias cannot be established for the test methods.
TEST METHOD B—CROSS-CUT TAPE TEST 10.Apparatus and Materials
10.1Cutting Tool9—Sharp razor blade,scalpel,knife or other cutting device having a cutting edge angle between15 and30°that will make either a single cut or veral cuts at once.It is of particular importance that the cutting edge or edges be in good condition.叱诧风云
10.2Cutting Guide—If cuts are made manually(as oppod to a mechanical apparatus)a steel or other hard metal straight-edge or template to ensure straight cuts.
10.3Rule—Tempered steel rule graduated in0.5mm for measuring individual cuts.
10.4Tape,as described in5.3.
10.5Rubber Erar,on the end of a pencil.
10.6Illumination,as described in5.5.
10.7Magnifying Glass—An illuminated magnifier to be ud while making individual cuts and examining the test area.
11.Test Specimens
11.1Test specimens shall be as described in Section6.It should be noted,however,that multitip cutters10provide good results only on test areas sufficiently plane that all cutting edges contact the substrate to the same degree.Check forflatness with a straight edge such as that of the tempered steel rule (10.3).12.Procedure
12.1Where required or when agreed upon,subject the specimens to a preliminary test before conducting the tape test (e Note3).After drying or testing the coating,conduct the tape test at room
temperature as defined in Specification D3924,unless D3924standard temperature is required or agreed.
12.1.1For specimens which have been immerd:After immersion,clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating.Then dry or prepare the surface,or both,as agreed upon between the purchar and the ller.
12.2Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections,place on afirm ba,and under the illuminated magnifier,make parallel cuts as follows:
12.2.1For coatings having a dryfilm thickness up to and including2.0mils(50µm)space the cuts1mm apart and make eleven cuts unless otherwi agreed upon.
12.2.2For coatings having a dryfilm thickness between2.0 mils(50µm)and5mils(125µm),space the cuts2mm apart and make six cuts.Forfilms thicker than5mils u Test Method A.11
12.2.3Make all cuts about20mm(3⁄4in.)long.Cut through thefilm to the substrate in one steady motion using just sufficient pressure on the cutting tool to have the cutting edge reach the substrate.When making successive single cuts with the aid of a guide,place the guide on the uncut area.
12.3After making the required cuts brush thefilm lightly with a soft brush or tissue to remove any detachedflakes or ribbons of coatings.
12.4Examine the cutting edge and,if necessary,remove anyflat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly on afine oil stone.Make the additional number of cuts at90°to and centered on the original cuts.
12.5Brush the area as before and inspect the incisions for reflection of light from the substrate.If the metal has not been reached make another grid in a different location.
12.6Remove two complete laps of tape and discard.Re-move an additional length at a steady(that is,not jerked)rate and cut a piece about75mm(3in.)long.
12.7Place the center of the tape over the grid and in the area of the grid smooth into place by afinger.To ensure good contact with thefilm rub the tapefirmly with the erar on the end of a pencil.The color under the tape is a uful indication of when good contact has been made.
12.8Within90630s of application,remove the tape by izing the free end and rapidly(not jerked)back upon itlf at as clo to an angle of180°as possible.
12.9Inspect the grid area for removal of coating from the substrate or from a previous coating using t
he illuminated magnifier.Rate the adhesion in accordance with the following scale illustrated in Fig.1:
8Supporting data are available from ASTM International Headquarters.Request RR:D01–1008.
9Multiblade cutters are available from a few sources that specialize in testing equipment for the paint industry.One supplier that has assisted in the refinement of the methods is given in footnote10.
10The sole source of supply of the multitip cutter for coated pipe surfaces known to the committee at this time is Paul N.Gardner Co.,316NE First St.,Pompano
Beach,FL33060.If you are aware of alternative suppliers,plea provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.
11Test Method B has been ud successfully by some people on coatings greater than5mils(0.13mm)by spacing the cuts5mm apart.However,the precision values given in14.1do not apply as they are bad on coatings less than5mm(0.13 mm)in
thickness.
5B The edges of the cuts are completely smooth;none of the squares of the lattice is detached.
4B Smallflakes of the coating are detached at interctions;less than5% of the area is affected.
3B Smallflakes of the coating are detached along edges and at interc-tions of cuts.The area affected is5to15%of the lattice.
2B The coating hasflaked along the edges and on parts of the squares.
The area affected is15to35%of the lattice.
1B The coating hasflaked along the edges of cuts in large ribbons and whole squares have detached.The area affected is35to65%of the
lattice.
0B Flaking and detachment wor than Grade1.
12.10Repeat the test in two other locations on each test panel.
13.Report舒肝和胃丸的功效
13.1Report the number of tests,their mean and range,and for coating systems,where the failure occurred,that is, betweenfirst coat and substrate,betweenfirst and cond coat, etc.
13.2Report the substrate employed,the type of coating and the method of cure.
13.3If the adhesion strength has been determined in accor-dance with Test Methods D1000or D3330,report the results with the adhesion rating(s).If the adhesion strength of the tape has not been determined,report the specific tape ud and its manufacturer.
13.4If the test is performed after immersion,report immer-sion conditions and method of sample preparation.
14.Precision and Bias8
14.1On the basis of two interlaboratory tests of this test method in one of which operators in six laboratories made one adhesion measurement on three panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of adhesion and in the other operators in six laboratories made three measurements on two panels each of four different coatings applied over two other coatings,the
pooled standard deviations for within-and between-laboratories were found to be0.37and0.7.Bad on the standard deviations,the following criteria should be ud for judging the acceptability of results at the95%confidence level:
14.1.1Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a large surface,results obtained by the same operator should be considered suspect if they differ by more than one rating unit for two measurements.
14.1.2Reproducibility—Two results,each the mean of du-plicates or triplicates,obtained by different operators should be considered suspect if they differ by more than two rating units.
14.2Bias cannot be established for the test methods.
15.Keywords
15.1adhesion;crosscut adhesion test method;tape;tape adhesion test method;X-cut adhesion test
method
FIG.1Classification of Adhesion Test
Results
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)X1MENTARY
X1.1Introduction
X1.1.1Given the complexities of the adhesion process,can adhesion be measured?As Mittal (1)12has pointed out,the answer is both yes and no.It is reasonable to state that at the prent time no test exists that can precily asss the actual physical strength of an adhesive bond.But it can also be said that it is possible to obtain an indication of relative adhesion performance.
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X1.1.2Practical adhesion test methods are generally of two types:“implied”and “direct.”“Implied”tests include inden-tation or scribe techniques,rub testing,and wear testing.Criticism of the tests aris when they are ud to quantify the strength of adhesive bonding.But this,in fact,is not their purpo.An “implied”test should be ud to asss coating performance under actual rvice conditions.“Direct”mea-surements,on the other hand,are intended expressly to measure adhesion.Meaningful tests of this type are highly sought after,primarily becau the results are expresd by a single discrete quantity,the force required to rupture the coating/substrate bond under prescribed conditions.Direct tests include the Hesiometer and the Adherometer (2).Com-mon methods which approach the direct tests are peel,lap-shear,and tensile tests.
X1.2Test Methods
X1.2.1In practice,numerous types of tests have been ud to attempt to evaluate adhesion by induci
ng bond rupture by different modes.Criteria deemed esntial for a test to warrant large-scale acceptance are:u of a straightforward and unam-biguous procedure;relevance to its intended application;re-peatability and reproducibility;and quantifiability,including a meaningful rating scale for asssing performance.
X1.2.2Test methods ud for coatings on metals are:peel adhesion or “tape testing;”Gardner impact flexibility testing;and adhesive joint testing including shear (lap joint)and direct tensile (butt joint)testing.The tests do not strictly meet all the criteria listed,but an appealing aspect of the tests is that in most cas the equipment/instrumentation is readily avail-able or can be obtained at reasonable cost.
X1.2.3A wide diversity of tests methods have been devel-oped over the years that measure aspects of adhesion (1-5).There generally is difficulty,however,in relating the tests to basic adhesion phenomena.
X1.3The Tape Test
X1.3.1By far the most prevalent test for evaluating coating “adhesion”is the tape-and-peel test,which has been ud since the 1930’s.In its simplest version a piece of adhesive tape is presd against th
e paint film and the resistance to and degree
of film removal obrved when the tape is pulled off.Since an intact film with appreciable adhesion is frequently not removed at all,the verity of the test is usually enhanced by cutting into the film a figure X or a cross hatched pattern,before applying and removing the tape.Adhesion is then rated by comparing film removed against an established rating scale.If an intact film is peeled cleanly by the tape,or if it debonds just by cutting into it without applying tape,then the adhesion is rated simply as poor or very poor,a more preci evaluation of such films not being within the capability of this test.
X1.3.2The current widely-ud version was first published in 1974;two test methods are covered in this standard.Both test methods are ud to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is at an adequate level;however they do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measurement are required.Major limitations of the tape test are its low nsitivity,applicability only to coatings of relatively low bond strengths,and non-determination of adhesion to the substrate where failure occurs within a single coat,as when testing primers alone,or within or between coats in multicoat systems.For multicoat systems where adhesion failure may occur between or within coats,the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.
X1.3.3Repeatability within one rating unit is generally obrved for coatings on metals for both methods,with reproducibility of one to two units.The tape test enjoys widespread popularity and is viewed as “simple”as well as low in cost.Applied to metals,it is economical to perform,lends itlf to job site application,and most importantly,after decades of u,people feel comfortable with it.
X1.3.4When a flexible adhesive tape is applied to a coated rigid substrate surface and then removed,the removal process has been described in terms of the “peel phenomenon,”as illustrated in Fig.X1.1.
X1.3.5Peeling begins at the “toothed”leading edge (at the right)and proceeds along the coating adhesive/interface or the coating/substrate interface,depending on the relative bond strengths.It is assumed that coating removal occurs when the tensile force generated along the latter interface,which is a function of the rheological properties of the backing and adhesive layer materials,is greater than the bond strength at the coating-substrate interface (or cohesive strength of the coat-ing).In actuality,however,this force is distributed over a discrete distance (O-A)in Fig.X1.1,which relates directly to the properties described,not concentrated at a point (O)in Fig.X1.1as in the theoretical ca—though the tensile force is greatest at the origin for both.A significant compressive force aris from the respon of the tape backing material to being stretche
d.Thus both tensile and compressive forces are in-volved in adhesion tape testing.
X1.3.6Clo scrutiny of the tape test with respect to the
12The boldface numbers in parenthes refer to the list of references at the end of this test
method.
