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Walden (first published as Walden; or, Life in the Woods) by Henry David Thoreau is one of the best-known non-fiction books written by an American. Published in 1854, it details Thoreau's sojourn in a cabin near Walden Pond, amidst woodland owned by his friend and mentor Ralph Waldo Emerson, near 春江花月夜名句Concord, Massachutts. Thoreau lived at Walden for two years, two months, and two days, but Walden was written so that the stay appears to be a year, with expresd asonal divisions. Thoreau did not intend to live as a hermit, for he received visitors and returned their visits. Instead, he hoped to isolate himlf from society in order to gain a more objective understanding of it. Simplicity and lf-reliance were Thoreau's other goals, and the whole project was inspired by transcendentalist philosophy. As Thoreau made clear in the book, his cabin was not in wilderness but at the edge of town, not far from his family home
猜字谜语大全及答案Synopsis
Economy: This is the first chapter and also the longest by far. Thoreau begins by outlining his project: a two-year and two-month stay at a crude cabin in the woods near Walden Pon
d. He does this, he says, in order to illustrate the spiritual benefits of a simplified lifestyle. He easily supplies the four necessities of life (food, shelter, clothing, and fuel). He meticulously records his expenditures and earnings, demonstrating his understanding of "economy," as he builds his hou and buys and grows food. For a home and freedom, he spends a mere $28.12.
Complementary Vers: This chapter consists entirely of a poem, "The Pretensions of Poverty," by venteenth-century English poet Thomas Carew. The poem criticizes tho who think that their poverty gives them unearned moral and intellectual superiority.
Where I Lived, and What I Lived For: After playing with the idea of buying a farm, Thoreau describes his cabin's location. Then he explains that he took up his abode at Walden Woods so as to "live deliberately, to front only the esntial facts of life, and e if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived."
Reading: Thoreau discours on the benefits of reading classical literature (preferably in
the original Greek or Latin) and bemoans the lack of sophistication in Concord, manifested in the popularity of popular literature. He yearns for a 卖火柴的小女孩作者>球队口号utopian time when each New England village will support "wi men" to educate and thereby ennoble the population.
新耳机如何煲机Sounds: Thoreau opens this chapter by warning against relying too much on literature as a means of transcendence. Instead, one should experience life for onelf. Thus, after describing his cabin's beautiful natural surroundings and his casual houkeeping habits, Thoreau goes on to criticize the train whistle that interrupts his reverie. To him, the railroad symbolizes the destruction of the good old pastoral way of life. Following is a description of the sounds audible from his cabin: the church bells ringing, carriages rattling and rumbling, cows lowing, whip-poor-wills singing, owls hooting, frogs croaking, and cockerels crowing.
Solitude: Thoreau rhapsodizes about the beneficial effects of living solitary and clo to nature. He loves to be alone, for "I never found the companion that was so companionabl
e as solitude," and he is never lonely as long as he is clo to nature. He believes there is no great value to be had by rubbing shoulders with the mass of humanity.
Visitors: Thoreau writes about the visitors to his cabin. Among the 25 or 30 visitors is a young French-Canadian woodchopper, whom Thoreau idealizes as approaching the ideal man, and a runaway slave, whom Thoreau helps on his journey to freedom in Canada.
The Bean-Field: Thoreau relates his efforts to cultivate two and a half acres of beans. He plants in June and spends his summer mornings weeding the field with a hoe. He lls most of the crop, and his small profit of $8.71 covers his needs.
The Village: Thoreau visits the small town of Concord every day or two to hear the news, which he finds "as refreshing in its way as the rustle of the leaves." Nevertheless, he fondly but rather contemptuously compares Concord to a gopher colony. In late summer, he is arrested for refusing to pay federal taxes, but is relead the next day. He explains that he refus to pay taxes to a government that supports slavery.
足够的英语
The Ponds: In autumn, Thoreau rambles about the countryside and writes down his obrvations about the geography of Walden Pond and its neighbors: Flint's Pond (or Sandy Pond), White Pond, and Goo Pond. Although Flint's is the largest, Thoreau's favorites are Walden and White ponds. They are lovelier than diamonds, he says.
Baker Farm:名片的作用 While on an afternoon ramble in the woods, Thoreau gets caught in a rainstorm and takes shelter in the dirty, dismal hut of John Field, a penniless but hard-working Irish farmhand, and his wife and children. Thoreau urges Field to live a simple but independent and fulfilling life in the woods, thereby freeing himlf of employers and creditors. But the Irishman won't give up his dreams of luxury, which is the American dream.
