INCOTERMS 2010 2010年国际贸易术语解释通则
INCOTERMS AND THE EXPORTER 国际贸易术语和出口商
International Commercial Terms, known as “Incoterms”, are internationally accepted terms defining the responsibilities of exporters and importers in the arrangement of shipments and the transfer of liability involved at various stages of the transaction. Incoterms do not cover ownership or the transfer of title of goods. It is crucial to agree on an Incoterm at the start of
a negotiation/quotation of a sale, as it will affect the costs and responsibilities involved in
shipping, insurance and tariffs. The new Incoterms 2010 rules were revid by the
International Chamber of Commerce and will become effective January 1, 2011. Four terms were eliminated (DAF, DEQ, DES, DDU) and two were added: Delivered at Place (DAP) and Delivered at Terminal (DAT).
国际贸易术语作为“国际贸易术语解释通则”，已经被国际公认。它是定义出口商和进口商在涉及不同交易阶段时安排装运和运输责任的术语。国际贸易术语解释通则不包含所有权或货物所有权转移。重要的是国际贸易术语解释通则在协议开始时就对报价销售达成共识，因而将影响到在航运、保险和关税方面
的费用和责任。新的2010年国际贸易术语解释通则由国际商会修订，将于2011年1月1日生效。删除了4个术语（DAF, DEQ, DES, DDU），增加了2个术语：在指定目的地交货（DAP），在指定目的地或目的港的集散地交货（DAT)。
The modifications affect obligations, risk transfer, and cost sharing for the ller and buyer, resulting in better clarification and application of the eleven (11) Incoterms, and consistent with the way global trade is actually conducted since the last update in 2000.
此次修改涉及责任义务、运输风险和买卖双方成本分担，将使得这11条国际贸易术语更加清晰更好的应用，从2000年更新以来事实上执行构成全球贸易方式。
In any sales transaction, it is important for the ller and buyer to agree on the terms of sale and know precily what is included in the sale price. Exporters should choo the Incoterm that works best for their company, but also be prepared to quote on other terms.
在任何交易中，买卖双方都认为特别需要协商一致的是销售内容和确切的解答销售价格包含那些项目的问题，而且也准备应用到其他项目中去。
Inexperienced exporters may want to u the Incoterm “Ex Works” (EXW), becau this term carries
the least burden for them. Under EXW, an exporter’s responsibility ends at their facility’s loading dock, which includes making the goods available for pick up and providing any product information needed for filing the Electronic Export Information (EEI). The
importer’s agent (i.e. their designated U.S. freight forwarder) will arrange and pay for the pre-carriage, shipping, insurance and any additional costs from the exporter’s door. A s ale bad on the Incoterm “CIF”, on the other hand, requires the exporter to arrange and pay for the pre-carriage, shipping, and insurance to a named port. In this ca, the sale price
(invoice) includes not only the (C)ost of goods, but also (I)nsurance and (F)reight costs that the importing buyer pays the exporting ller.
经验不丰富的出口商更愿意使用术语“工厂交货”（EXW），因为这使得他们的负担最小。按照“工厂交货”，当打包好有效货物和提供所有产品需要的电子出口说明（EEL）后，出口商的责任就在自己的工厂码头完成了。进口商的代理人（也就是美国货运指派的人）将安排和支付从出口国国门所需要的上一程运输、海运、保险和其他额外的费用。以贸易术语“保险费加运费”CIF为基础的买卖，需要出口商安排和支付上一程运输、海运和保险至指定港。既然这样，销售价格（发票）不仅包含了货物费用C，还包括了保险I和运费F，由进口买家支付出口卖家。
When designating the Incoterm on a commercial invoice or a quotation to the buyer, the term should be followed by the city or port of load/discharge, such as “EXW Factory, Richmond,
狐狸英语VA” or “CIF Rotterdam”. Using the actual address is better to avoid any confusion or
misinterpretation. Communication throughout the entire process is crucial. For example, under Ex Works, the shipper should notify the importer when the goods are ready and after they have been picked up by the importer’s lected carrier. The exporter’s freight forwarder often provides the vesl and sail date, or air cargo rvice ud, and any ocean bill of lading or airway bill number to keep the parties informed of the arrangements and status of the shipment (even though technically under Ex Works the exporter’s responsibility ends at their loading dock). 当指定的国际贸易术语在商业发票或买方的报价中使用时，该术语应遵循的港口城市或装货港/卸货港，如“里士满，工厂交货EXW”，或“CIF鹿特丹”。使用实际地址有利于消除一些混淆或误解。通过所有程序来交流是至关重要的。例如，在“工厂交货”EXW中，当货物准备好了并且以进口商选择的方式打包后托运人要通知进口商。出口商的货运代理经常提供船舶和航海日期，或航空货运服务，和装载海运提单或航运单号码，用便当事人收到装载货物的安排和情况（尽管操作上的“工厂交货”是，出口商的责任在自己的码头就终结了）。The most burdensome Incoterm for the exporter is Delivered Duty Paid (DDP), becau all arrangements and costs are borne by the exporter, usually with the assistance of agents (freight f
orwarders and customs hou brokers). With DDP, the exporter bears all risks and costs of transportation, including duties and tariffs, until the goods are received by the
importer, usually at the impor ter’s factory or warehou. Since DDP reprents the
maximum obligation to the ller, it is not recommended for companies that are
new-to-export. DDP Example: Four palletized drums of chemicals at US$ 40,000, DDP 123 Main St., Santiago, Chile.
对出口商来说负担最重的是“完税后交付”DDP，因为出口商要负责所有的安排和费用，有时还要协助代理人（运货代理人和国内海关代理人）。按“完税后交付”，出口商承担运输的所有风险和费用，包括进出口关税，直到进口商收到货物，一般是进口商的工厂或仓库。因为“完税后交付”要求卖方承担最大限度的责任，所以不推荐公司使用，这对出口来说是新变化。完税后交付的例子：四批化学制品需要40,000美元，完税后交付，缅因街，芝加哥，智利模式。In the DDP example, for $40,000 total, the exporter arr anges and pays for all transit costs, including delivery to a designated facility at 123 Main Street, Santiago, including any
含有酒的诗句insurance coverage and duties/tariff charges.
While the costs are added to the product’s price and are sometimes itemized on th e commercial invoice, the exporter takes full responsibility for the added logistics costs and potential headaches, such as delays at customs, demurrage or detention, or changes in inland or ocean transportation costs. 在“完税后交付”的例子中，出口商安排和支付所有运输费用，包括运至指定地点缅因街、芝加哥，还包括保险责任范围和进出口关税的缴纳，总共有40，000美金作为报酬。
然而这些费用会计入产品价格和贸易发票的某些款项，出口商承担所有新增物流费用和潜在的棘手问题，如海关延迟、滞留、扣押，或者内陆或海洋运输费用的支付。
Shipping DDP should only be ud by the most experienced exporters. Many details must be considered, such as trade barriers, duties, currency exchange, reputability of rvice
providers, and delivery to the final destination. For example, if your product is a large,
custom-made piece of machinery for a factory:动漫名字女生
Are there local out-of-gauge, heavy lift rvice providers?
Does the road to the factory allow access by an oversized truck?
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What are the dimensions and capability of the buyer’s receiving dock?
How will you repair any damage that may occur during transit?
“完税后交付”应该只应用于经验相当丰富的出口商。很多细节需要考虑，如贸易壁垒、关税、外汇兑换、提供标准服务，和运输至最终目的地。例如，如果你的产品很庞大，是工厂定制的
一件机器：当地有没有按计量收费的起重机服务提供商？超大型卡车是否可以在去工厂的路上行驶？买方收货码头的规模和容量是多大？如何修复运输过程中出现的损坏？
I NCOTERM D EFINITIONS/C HANGES
国际贸易术语定义/变化
The 11 Incoterms consist of two groups and are listed below in order of increasing risk/liability to the exporter. Under the revid terms, buyers and llers are being urged to contract precily where delivery is made and what charges are covered. This should avoid
double-billing of terminal handling charges at the port of discharge. References to “ship’s rail”
were taken out to cl arify that delivery means “on-board” the vesl. Insurance, electronic documentation, and supply chain curity are addresd in more detail, and gender-neutral language is now ud.
旨在增加出口商风险和职责的11条贸易术语分成两组列在下面。通过修改术语可以促使买卖双方在签订合同是更加精准的约定交付地点和费用涵盖范围。消除卸货港终端操作支付的双重记账。参考通则取消了“船舷”用来明确定义船舶的“上船”。新增了关于保险、电子文件和供应链安全的细节，和中性语言的使用。
Rules for Any Mode or Modes of Transportation:
1.EXW - Ex Works: Seller delivers (without loading) the goods at disposal of buyer at ller’s
premis. Long held as the most preferable term for tho new-to-export becau it
reprents the minimum liability to the ller. On the routed transactions, the buyer has limited obligation to provide export information to the ller.
1、工厂交付--在卖方经营地由卖方(不负责装载）准备货物运输。这非常适用那些经验少的出口
商，因为卖方的责任是最小的。在这种模式的交易中，买方对提供出口信息给卖方承担有限责任。
2.FCA - Free Carrier: Seller delivers the goods to the carrier and may be responsible for
clearing the goods for export (filing the EEI). More realistic than EXW becau it includes loading at pick-up, which is commonly expected, and llers are more concerned about export violations.
3.CPT - Carriage Paid To: Seller delivers goods to the carrier at an agreed place, shifting risk to
the buyer, but ller must pay cost of carriage to the named place of destination.
3、货交承运人--运费交付至：卖方将货物运输至商定的承运人处后，风险转移给买方，但是卖方必须支付
承运人运送货物到指定地点的费用。
4.CIP - Carriage and Insurance Paid To: Seller delivers goods to the carrier at an agreed place,
shifting risk to the buyer, but ller pays carriage and insurance to the named place of destination.
4、运费及保险费付至--卖方将货物运输至商定的承运人处后，风险转移给买方，但是卖方必须支付承运人
运输货物到指定地点的费用和保险费用。
5.DA T- Delivered at Terminal: Seller bears cost, risk and responsibility until goods are
unloaded (delivered) at named quay, warehou, yard, or terminal at destination. Demurrage or detention charges may apply to ller. Seller clears goods for export, not import. DAT replaces DEQ, DES.
5、目的地交货--卖方应承担将货物运至指定的目的地的一切风险和费用（除进口费用外）。术语所指的到
达车辆包括船舶，目的地包括港口。卖方可以申请船舶滞留和扣押损失费用。卖方只负责货物出口，不负责进口的。DAT取代DEQ,DES。
6.DAP - Delivered at Place: Seller bears cost, risk and responsibility for goods until made
available to buyer at named place of destination. Seller clears goods for export, not import.
DAP replaces DAF, DDU.
6、目的地交货--卖方承担费用、风险和责任直到有效货物到达买方指定地点。卖方负责货物的出口，不负
责进口。DAP取代DAF,DDU。
7.DDP - Delivered Duty Paid: Seller bears cost, risk and responsibility for cleared goods at
named place of destination at buyers disposal. Buyer is responsible for unloading. Seller is responsible for import clearance, duties and taxes so buyer is not “importer of record”.
7、完税后交货--它是指卖方将备好的货物在进口国指定地点交付，而且承担将货物运至指定地点的一切
费用和风险。买方负责卸载。卖方负责进口结关、关税，所以买方不是“进口记录商”
Rules for Sea and Inland Waterway Transport:
海上和内陆水上运输的规则：
8.FAS - Free Alongside Ship: Risk pass to buyer, including payment of all transportation and
insurance costs, once delivered alongside the ship (realistically at named port terminal) by the ller. The export clearance obligation rests with the ller.
8、船边交货--卖方一旦将货物运至船边（实际上在指定港口码头），风险就转移给买方，包括所有运输和
保险费用。出口结关责任由卖方承担。
9.FOB - Free On Board: Risk pass to buyer, including payment of all transportation and
insurance costs, once delivered on board the ship by the ller. A step further than FAS. 9、船上交货--卖方一旦将货物运至船内，风险就转移给买方，包括所有运输和保险费用。作为FAS的进一
步发展。
10.CFR - Cost and Freight: Seller delivers goods and risk pass to buyer when on board the
vesl. Seller arranges and pays cost and freight to the named destination port. A step further than FOB.
10、成本加运费--当卖方将货物运至船上后，风险转移给买方。卖方负责安排和支付运输至指定地点的费
用。是FOB的进一步发展。
11.CIF - Cost, Insurance and Freight: Risk pass to buyer when delivered on board the ship.
Seller arranges and pays cost, freight and insurance to destination port. Adds insurance costs to CFR.
渠道推广11、成本、保险费加运费--当货物运输到船上后，风险转移给买方。卖方安排和支付运至目的地的费用、
运费和保险。也就是在CFR的基础上增加保险费用。
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I NCOTERMS D O N OT…
Determine ownership or transfer title to the goods, nor evoke payment terms.
Apply to rvice contracts, nor define contractual rights or obligations (except for delivery) or breach of contract remedies.
Protect parties from their own risk or loss, nor cover the goods before or after delivery. Specify details of the transfer, transport, and delivery of the goods. Container loading is NOT considered packaging, and must be addresd in the sales contract.赞扬的近义词
纤细拼音Remember, Incoterms are not law and there is NO default Incoterm!
货物所有权的转移也影响支付条件。服务合同的适用也用于合同权利或义务的定义（除了交货）或合同救济条款。保护当事人由于自身原因遭受的风险和损失，包括运输货物交付前后。详细说明货物的转让、运输和交付。集装箱的装运不属于打包，不得规避销售合同。谨记，术语不是法律，因而也就不存在违反术语。
