Chapter 1 Communication: An Intercultural Perspective
Needs and purpos for communication:
Survival/Co-operation/Personal needs/Relationships/Persuasion/Power/Social needs
/Information/Making n of the world/Self-expression
Communication is a form of human behavior derived from a need to connect and interest with other human beings.
Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue of behavior.
Business communication, as a kind of organizational communication, is the exchange of oral, nonverbal, and written messages within(and across the boundaries of) a system of interrelated and interdependent people working to accomplish common tasks and goals.
我的挚爱英文
Also defined as: a dynamic,multi-channeled process,which covers internal communication in a given organization.
反语
Characteristics of communication are: dynamic(动态), irreversible(不可撤回), symbolic(符号性), systemic(系统性), lf-reflective(自我反映), interactive(involve at least two people)(互动的，交流至少牵扯到两个因素), complex(复杂).
Intercultural business communication(IBC) is defined as communication among individuals or groups from different cultural backgrounds in a business environment.
柔和的反义词It’s also defined as a relatively new term in the business world and is defined as communication with and between business that involves people from more than one culture.
Intercultural communication(IC) includes:
International communication(between nations and governments)
Interethnic communication(same race but different ethnic)
Interracial communication(exchanging messages are from different races)
Interregional communication(exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture)
IC as a phenomenon has the following features:
Universal/long history/daily occurrence
The complexity in learning IBC:
Avoidance of the unfamiliar/Uncertainty reduction/Withdrawal/Stereotyping(刻板印象)/Prejudice/Racism(种族主义)/Misu of power(权力滥用)/Culture shock(four stages: honeymoon,culture shock,recovery, adjustment,re-entry/rever) /Ethnocentrism(从其他文化的角度去评判他人)
补充：ethnocentric(认为自己的文化是最好的，并用它去评判他人)
可爱的签名How do you acquire stereotypes?
1.People learn stereotypes from their parents, relatives, and friends,(learning stereotypes)
2.Stereotypes develop through limited personal contact(from limited date)
3.Stereotypes are provided by the mass media.
4.Stereotypes evolve out of the fear of person from group that differ from your own.(mentally ill )
Chapter 2 Understanding Cultures and Their Values
Culture: that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and other capabilities and habits acquires by man as a member of society. (Edward Tylor)
Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication pattern that are shared, learned and pasd down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. (Hall)
Culture is classified by three large categories of elements: artifact, concepts, behavior.
Characteristics of Culture: it is learned, culture influences biological process, culture is transmitted from generation to generation, culture is lective, culture is ethno-centric, cultures are interrelated wholes, culture is subject to change.
Metaphors of culture: culture is like a pair of sunglass, culture is like the water a fish swim in, culture is like an iceberg, culture is like an onion, culture is software, grammar of mind.
Geert Hofstede’s Theory of Cultural Variations: the core of culture---values, rituals, heroes, symbols(由里到外)
[ values are the deepest manifestations of culture and the most difficult for an outsider to understand.]
[ rituals are tho collective activities that are considered socially esntial within a cultur彼得格勒武装起义
盈亏平衡分析案例e.]
[ heroes refer to what kind of people you worship.]
[ symbols reprent the most superficial and the easiest to perceive by an outsider and the least important to an insider.]
Definition of Value:
1. One’s principle or standards, one’s judgment of what is valuable or important in life. (Conci Oxford Dictionary)
孔子韦编三绝2. A broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others. (Hofstede)
3. A conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the lection from available modes, means, and ends of action.
Priorities of Culture Values: Universal Values普世价值, Culture-specific values, Peculiar
expression or deviation of individual within cultures[ values is classified as primary, condary, and tertiary. Tertiary values are at the bottom of our hierarchy.]
