项目符号
John Steinbeck
1)background
World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were asmbled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (bad on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). The alliances both reorganid (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilid in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely becau of great technological a
dvances in firepower without corresponding advances in mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subquently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
成长在路上
The Great Depression
The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn starting in most places in 1929， the largest and most important economic depression in modern history. The Great Depression originated in the United States; historians most often u as a starting date the stock market crash on October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday.
The depression had devastating effects both in the developed and developing, largely still-colonized world. International trade was deeply affected, as were personal incomes, tax revenues, prices, and profits. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially tho dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by 40 to 60 percent.
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War (often abbreviated as WWII or WW2), was a global armed conflict that was under way by 1939 and ended in 1945. It involved a vast majority of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million people rving in military units. In a state of "total war", the major participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the rvice of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by significant events involving the mass death of civilians, including the Holocaust and the only u of nuclear weapons in warfare, it resulted in 50 million to over 70 million fatalities. The deaths make the war the deadliest conflict in human history.
2)Life
John Steinbeck (1902-1968), born in Salinas, California, came from a family of moderate means. He worked his way through college at Stanford University but never graduated. In
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1925 he went to New York, where he tried for a few years to establish himlf as a free-lance writer, but he failed and returned to California. After publishing some novels and short stories, Steinbeck first became widely known with Tortilla Flat (1935), a ries of humorous stories about Monterey paisanos.
电脑分辨率Steinbeck's novels can all be classified as social novels dealing with the economic problems of rural labour, but there is also a streak of worship of the soil in his books, which does not always agree with his matter-of-fact sociological approach. After the rough and earthy humour of Tortilla Flat, he moved on to more rious fiction, often aggressive in its social criticism, to In Dubious Battle (1936), which deals with the strikes of the migratory fruit pickers on California plantations. This was followed by Of Mice and Men (1937), the story of the imbecile giant Lennie, and a ries of admirable short stories collected in the volume The Long Valley (1938). In 1939 he published what is considered his best work, The Grapes of Wrath, the story of Oklahoma tenant farmers who, unable to earn a living from the land, moved to California where they became migratory workers.
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Among his later works should be mentioned East of Eden (1952), The Winter of Our Discontent (1961), and Travels with Charley (1962), a travelogue in which Steinbeck wrote about his impressions during a three-month tour in a truck that led him through forty American states. He died in New York City in 1968.
3)Works
•Cup of Gold, 1929
百穿铭文怎么配•The Pastures of Heaven, 1932
•Tortilla Flat, 1935
•In Dubious Battle, 1936
•Of Mice and Men, 1937
•The Long Valley, 1938
雷阿伦•The Grapes of Wrath, 1939
•The Seas of Cortez, 1941, History
•The Moon is Down, 1942
•The Wayward Bus, 1942
•Cannery Row, 1945
•The Pearl, 1947, Novella
•Burning Bright, 1950
•East of Eden, 1952
•Once There Was a War, 1958, History
•The Winter of Our Discontent, 1961
4)Literary view
His theme was usually simple human virtues, such as kindness and fair treatment, which were far superior to the dehumanizing cruelty of exploiters.
Amid the gloom and the defeatism,Steinbeck manages to keep a refreshing faith in humanity, in the future when man will come to grips with his problems and come out all right. This ability to e beyond the immediate prent into a better future has proved to be one of the things that have given Steinbeck his claim to fame and permanence.
Steinbeck had been a laborer on and off and learned to know the poor, especially the migrant farmers. He wrote sympathetically of their plight, and this is a distinctive characteristic of his works.
5)Literary style
a. poetic pro
b. regional dialect
c. characterization: many types of characters rather than individuals
d. dramatic factors
e. social protect: spokesman for the poverty-stricken people
6)Place in literary history
描写冬景的诗句
In 1962, Steinbeck won the Nobel Prize for literature for his "realistic and imaginative writing, combining as it does sympathetic humor and keen social perception."
