四、形容词和副词的比较级、最高级
（Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs）
I.形容词比较级和最高级的形式
一、形容词比较级和最高级的构成
II.副词比较级和最高级的形式
副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本上一样。
一、一般副词
hard→harder →hardest fast→faster →fastest
late→later →latest early→earlier →earliest
二、特殊副词
well →better →best much →more →most
badly →wor →worst little →less →least
三、开放类副词
开放类副词即以后缀-ly结尾的副词不能像形容词那样加-er或-est，而应在副词原形前加more或most。如：
quickly →more quickly →most quickly quietly →more quietly →most quietly III.形容词与副词比较级和最高级的基本用法
一、比较级
端午节的传说故事1．比较级通常由“形容词(副词)比较级+than+…”构成，表示在两者中间一方比另一方“更加……”。连词than后可接句子，也可接名词、代词、名词短语、介词短语、动词、动词不定式、-ing结构和-ed结构，有时也可省去than。
如：
Mary is happier than Jane. 玛丽比珍妮幸福。（形容词和系词连用）社会人网名
He lives more happily than I.他过得比我幸福。（副词修饰行为动词）2．注意than前后两项相比较的人或事物要一致。如：
The purpo of the rearch had a more important meaning for them than it did for us.
Sound travels faster through water than through air.
3．比较级前还可用much, even, still, a little等词语来修饰，表示“……得多”，“甚至……”，“更……”，“……一些”等意思。如：
Japan is a little larger than Germany.日本比德国大一点儿。
用“…times +形容词的比较级+ than…”句式表示倍数；用“表示数量的词+比较级”来表示具体的比较差别。如：
Our room is twice larger than theirs.我们的房间比他们的大两倍。
He is a head taller than I.他比我高一头。
4．隐含比较级
1）有时比较级并不一定出现than，这时通过上下文可暗示出。如：
Are you feeling better now? 你现在感觉好些了吗？
2）有些形容词在表示比较的时候，跟“to”而不用“than”。如：
prior to较早的，较重要的
superior to优越，高于
inferior to下等的，次的
nior to年长的，地位高的
中国歇后语大全
junior to年幼的，地位低的，迟的
preferable to更好的
The task is prior to all others.这项任务比其他所有的任务都重要。
In maths he felt superior to John.他觉得自己数学比约翰强。
He is two years nior to me.他比我大两岁。
Health without riches is preferable to riches without health.贫穷但健康要比富有却多病更可取。
二、最高级
1．最高级用于三者以上比较，形容词的结构形式是“定冠词＋形容词最高级＋名词＋表示范围的短语或从句” (如of all, of the three, in the world, that has ever taken place等)。如：
Of all of the writers in England, William Shakespeare is the most widely known.
2．副词的最高级与形容词最高级的区别在于最高级前没有定冠词the。如：He runs fastest of the three.三个人中他跑得最快。
3．当用介词短语表明形容词最高级的比较范围，作介词宾语的名词或代词与句中的主语属同一类人或物，并把主语包括在内时，用介词of；如不属于同一类人或物，而只说明在某一时间、空间范围内的比较时，用介词in。如：He is the tallest of the four boys. ( He与boy属同类)
He is the tallest in our class. ( He与class不属同类)
4．可以用原级，比较级，最高级三种形式来表示最高级的意思。如：She is the best student in her class.
She is better than any other student in her class.
No other student in her class is better than she.
No other student in her class is as good as she
六、名词性从句
（Claus Functioning as Noun Phras）
名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组。按其句法功能，名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的有连接词that, whether和if，关系代词who, whom, who, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever以及关系副词when, where和how。销售年度工作总结
主语从句（The Subject Clau）
1．主语从句在句中作主语。如：
Which team will win the match is still not certain.
Why he did that wasn’t quite clear.
2．主语从句位于句首时，会使句子显得笨重，因此常以it作为形式主语，而将主语从句后置，以保持句子平衡。如：
It is strange that she didn’t come yesterday.
3．whether与if引导主语从句的区别：
whether引导的主语从句既可放在句首也可放在句尾，if引导的主语从句只能放在句末。如：
Whether she comes or not makes no difference. (不能用if)她来不来都没有关系。
It is doubtful whether/if the President knew the details of the plan.总统是否知道这个计划的细节这一点颇有疑问。
表语从句（The Predicative Clau）
1．表语从句在句中作表语，位于主句中的系动词之后。如：
The question is whether she can speak English.
That is what we need.长大的英文
2．表语从句可用whether引导，也可用as if引导，但不能用if引导。如：His first question was whether Tom had arrived yet.图片的英文
It looked as if it was going to rain.
3．主句的主语是reason时，表语从句要用that，不能用becau。如：The reason why he was dismisd was that he was careless and irresponsible.他被开除的原因是他工作马虎，不负责任。
同位语从句（The Appositive Clau）
1．同位语从句在句中作同位语，它一般要放在主句中某些名词的后面，说明这些名词的含义。可跟同位语从句的名词主要有fact, news, promi, reason, idea等。如：
We heard the news that our team had won.
I have no idea how soon they are coming.
2．同位语从句与定语从句的主要区别：
从意义上来说，同位语从句对一个名词加以补充说明，定语从句对一个名词进行修饰或限定。从结构上说，同位语从句由连词引导，连词在句中不作任何成分，只起引导作用；引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中担任一定成分，含有代替所修饰或限制词语的意义。如：
They were all shocked at the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.他们都为德国向俄国宣战而感到震惊。(同位语从句，that只起引导作用，在句中不作任何成分。)
They were all shocked at the news that was announced on the radio.他们都为收音机中宣布的消息而震惊。（定语从句，that在从句中作主语，若省略that，句子成分不全。）
宾语从句（The Object Clau）
1．宾语从句在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。如：
I wonder who he is.
He is sorry for what he has done.
注：在口语及非正式文体中，that常省略。
2．使用宾语从句时应注意时态呼应。
1) 主句谓语动词是现在时或将来时，从句谓语动词可以用任何所需要的时态。如：
I’m sure that you’ll succeed.
2) 主句谓语动词是过去时态，从句谓语动词一般须用过去时。如：
I thought he studied hard.
3)从句如果与某一具体的过去时间状语连用，尽管其谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，仍用一般过去时。如：
She told me that her father died in 1991.
4）从句所说明的是一般真理或客观事实，即使主句用过去时，从句仍用一般现在时。
The teacher told the students that the computer is a wonderful machine.
3．不能省略that的宾语从句
1）句中的动词后接两个或两个以上的that从句作宾语时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。如：
He said (that) he couldn’t tell you right away and that you wouldn’t understand.
2）当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。如：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
3）当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。如：
I must never tell anyone that I could not e the cloth.
4）当that宾语从句前有it作形式宾语时，that不可省。如：
We think it important that we study hard.
4．whether和if引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但介词后的宾语从句只能用whether，不能用if。如：
He asked me if (whether) my brother was at home.
独立结构是带有自己逻辑主语的结构，又称独立主格结构。作为句子的一个语言单位，其行文简单明了，功能多样。
题记式作文
独立结构的形式
I.名词（或主格结构）＋动词的非谓语动词形式
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next week.
The plan having been made, what is important is to put it into practice.
我们都是一家人The duty completed, he had three months’ leave.
II.名词（或主格代词）＋形容词
He entered the room, his no red with cold.
She looked at him expectantly, her eyes full of excitement and curiosity.
III.名词（或主格代词）＋介词短语
I stood at his left, my finger on the button, waiting for the order.
The teacher entered the classroom, chalk in one hand, (a) textbook in the
other.
IV.名词（或主格代词）＋副词
Class over, all the students went out from the classroom.
He put on his socks, wrong side out.
V.名词（或主格代词）＋名词
His first shot failed, he fired again.
She sat alone in the room, her only company a dying fire.
注意：以上独立结构都可以看成是带being的分词复合结构的省略形式。加入being就变成了分词的复合结构。如：
Here are the first two volumes, the third one (being) to come out next week.
He entered the room, his no (being) red with cold.
I stood at his left, my finger (being) on the button, waiting for the order.
VI.介词with或without引导的独立结构
这种独立结构的一般构成为：with/without+名/代词＋(分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语)，如：
With the old man leading, the two started towards the mountains.
She felt nervous, with all eyes fixed on her.
Never sleep with the window open in the winter.
With John away, we’ve got more room.
With five minutes to go before the last train left, we arrived at the station.
His wife came down the stairs, with her two-year-old son in her arms.
