【托福听力备考】TPO12听力文本——Lecture 3
众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福老人晚上睡不着TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO 12 Lecture 3 Music history
Narrator：Listen to part of a lecture in a music history class. The
professor has been discussing Opera.
Professor
The word opera means work, actually it means works. It’s the plural of the
画荷花图片大全word opus from the Latin. And in Italian it refers in general to works of art.
Opera Lyrica or lyric opera refers to what we think of as opera, the musical
drama.
Opera was commonplace in Italy for almost a thousand years before it became
commercial as a venture. And during tho years, veral things happened,
primarily linguistic or thematic and both involving cularization.
Musical drama started in the churches. It was an educational tool. It was
邹碧华ud primarily as a vehicle for teaching religion and was generally prented in
Latin, the language of the Christian Church which had considerable influence in
Italy at that time. But the language of everyday life was evolving in Europe and
at a certain point in the middle ages it was really only merchants, aristocrats
and clergy who could deal with Latin. The vast majority of the population ud
their own regional vernacular in all aspects of their lives. And so in what is
now Italy, operas quit being prented in Latin and started being prented in
Italian.
And once that happened, the themes of the opera prentations also started
to change. And musical drama moved from the church to the plaza right outside
小如和小黄狗the church. And the themes again, the themes changed. And opera was no longer
about teaching religion as it was about satire and about expressing the ideas of
society or government without committing yourlf to writing and risking
imprisonment or percution, or what have you.
Opera, as we think of it, is of cour a resurrected form. It is the
melodious drama of ancient Greek theater, the term 快乐的同桌‘melodious drama’ being
shortened eventually to ‘melodrama’ becau operas frequently are melodramatic,
not to say unrealistic. And the group that put the first operas together that we
have today then, were, well…it was a group of men that included Galileo’s father
Vincenzo, and they met in Florence he and a group of friends of the count of
Bardi and they formed what is called the Camerata dei Bardi. And they took
classical theater and reproduced it in the Renaissance time. This…uh…this
produced some of the operas that we have today.
Now what happened in the following century is very simple. Opera originated
in Italy but was not confined to Italy any more than Italians were. And so as
Italians migrated across Europe, they carried theater with them and opera
specifically becau it was an Italian form.
What happened is that the major divide in opera that endures today took
place. The French said opera ought to reflect the rhythm and cadence of dramatic
初一英语课文literature, bearing in mind that we are talking about the golden age in French
literature. And so the music was condary, if you will, to the dramatic cadence
证明书模板
of language, to the way the rhythm of language was ud to express feeling and
ud to add drama and of cour as a result instead of arias or solos, which
would come to dominate Italian opera. The French relied on what the Italians
called recitativo or recitative in English. The lyrics were spoken, frequently 新建文档
to the accompaniment of a harpsichord.
The French said you really can’t talk about real people who lived in opera
and they relied on mythology to give them their characters and their plots,
mythology, the pastoral traditions, the novels of chivalry or the epics of
chivalry out of the middle Ages. The Italians said, no this is a great
historical tool and what better way to educate the public about Nero or Attila
or any number of people than to put them into a play they can e and listen
to.
The English appropriated opera after the French. Opera came late to England
becau all theaters, public theaters were clod, of cour, during their civil
war. And it wasn’t until the restoration in 1660 that public theaters again
opened and opera took off. The English made a major adjustment to opera and
exported what they had done to opera back to Italy.
So that you have this circle of musical influences, the Italians invented
