Unit 1
The cloze procedure originated in the 1950s as a means of asssing the difficulty of a reading text for native speakers, but within three years its originator was suggesting that it could be ud for asssing the progress of cond and foreign language learners. The principle is that single words are taken out of a text at regular intervals, leaving gaps which students have to complete with appropriate “fillers,” one only for each gap. In order to do this the student has to refer to the text or either side of the gap so that he can judge what an appropriate filler might be, taking into account both meaning and structure.
There are two types of gap: “function” gaps (such as conjunctions, preposition, articles) which have only one correct filler, and “mantic” gaps (such as nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) that can be filled with男士抗衰老 any one of number of alternatives.
The variation in acceptable filler leads to two main systems of marking: “exact” and “acceptable.男属鼠的和什么属相最配” The first of the means 毛毛是谁that only the original word is counted as correct, and since there is only one right answer, the marking is objective and can be done quickly. In “a
cceptable” marking, decisions must be made about whether a student’s offering is good enough to be counted as correct or not. It has been shown, however, that the two systems of marking produce very similar result, in the n that the students are sorted into roughly the same rank order.
Unit 2
At the bottom of the world lies a mighty continent still wrapped in the Ice Age and, until recent times, unknown to man. Most of the continent is a complete blank on our maps. A 1,000-mile stretch of the coastline has never been reached by any ship. Man has explored, on foot, less than one per cent of its area.
Antarctica differs fundamentally from the Arctic regions. The Arctic is an ocean, covered with drifting ice and surrounded by the land mass of Europe, Asia, and North America. The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe and Australia combined centered roughly on the South Pole 显卡超频and surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world –鱼柳怎么做好吃 the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.
The continental ice sheet is more than two miles deep in its center; thus the air over the Antarctic is much colder than it is over the Arctic regions. More than a million persons live within 2,000 miles of the North Pole in an area that includes most of Alaska, Siberia, and Scandinavia –罗马建筑风格 a region rich in forest and mining industries. Apart from a handful of weather stations, within the same distance of the South Pole there is not a single tree, industry or ttlement.
Unit 3
Of all UNHCR programs involving internally displaced persons (IDPs), former Yugoslavia has perhaps been the most problematic. When UNHCR was asked by the Secretary- General to take中国少年先锋队队歌歌词 the lead humanitarian role in the region in late 1991, few imagined that the conflict would grow so big, that the victims would eventually number so many, and that within months the program would be costing UNHCR so much – nearly $1 million a day.
From an agency long ud to protecting and assisting refugees once they had reached th
e relative safety of an asylum country, UNHCR soon found itlf in the middle of a war zone in the worst refugee crisis in Europe since World War II. UNHCR humanitarian staff suddenly found themlves caught in the crossfire while trying to help, not refuges, but millions of IDPs and other “war affected” people in communities like Sarajevo, Gorazde and Bihac. Twelve were killed in UNHCR operations, and dozens were wounded. By 1993, UNHCR found itlf, for the first time in its 40-year-history, in the midst of a conflict that the international community appeared powerless to stop. There emed to be no way out.
Unit 4
Information and education programs against smoking have been intensified in France. Tobacco taxes have also been incread regularly, and in 1991, France adopted a comprehensive tobacco control law. This law, which was phad in and came fully into force in 1993, bans tobacco advertising, fixes maximum tar yields, and requires strong health warnings on both the front and back of the package. Besides/Moreover the law als
o controls smoking in transport, public places and workplaces by either banning it altogether or limiting it to just a few smoking areas. A non-governmental organization, the National Committee Against Tobacco U, has been especially active in encouraging strict obrvance of the tobacco advertising ban. Early attempts to find ways around the law let the National 家喻户晓意思Committee Against Tobacco U to bring charges against the alleged violators. The resulted in a number of successful convictions, which, in turn, have led to near-total obrvance of France’s strict ban on direct and indirect tobacco advertising. By 1995, tobacco consumption had fallen by 7.3% since 1991 when the comprehensive tobacco control law was adopted.
