小猪故事Folk Cultures
大明湖公园 A folk culture is a small isolated, cohesive, conrvative, nearly lf-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions bad in the religion or family and interpersonal relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the xes. Most goods are handmade and subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures as are social class. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo America is the Amish, a German American farming ct that largely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, hor drawn buggies still rve as a local transportation device and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles. The Amish's central religious concept of Demut "humility", clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their ct. The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining orders.
By contrast a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group often highly individualistic and constantly changing. Relationships tend to be impersonal and a pronounced division of labor exists, leading to the establishment of many specialized professions. Secular institutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-bad economy prevails. Becau of the contrasts, "popular" may be viewed as clearly different from "folk". The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations. Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually becau the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to u or leads more prestige to the owner.
民间⽂化
民间⽂化是⼩型的、孤⽴的、紧密的、保守的、近乎⾃给⾃⾜的群体，具有同样的习俗、同样的⼈种和强有⼒的家庭或部族结构以及⾼度发展的宗教仪式。秩序由宗教或家庭的约束来维持，成员间的关系⾮常紧密，传统⾄⾼⽆上，很少有变动且变动缓慢。劳动专业分⼯相对较少。每个⼈都要做各类活计，尽管男⼥两性分⼯不同。绝⼤多数物品是⼿⼯制造的，经济⼀般为⾃给⾃⾜型。个⼈主义和社会阶层在民间⽂化群体中的发展⼗分薄弱。在象美国和加拿⼤这样的⼯业化国家⾥，⼀成不变的民间⽂化群体已不复存在了。在当代美洲的英语区，与民间⽂化最相似的群体也许算是Amish。Amish 是美国的德裔农耕部落，他们基本上拒绝接受⼯业时代的⼤多数产品和节省劳⼒的设施。在 Amish 地区，
轻便马车仍是当地的交通⼯具，信徒们不允许拥有汽车。Amish 宗教中的核⼼观念 Demut 即谦卑典型地反映了在民间⽂化群中个⼈主义和阶级的不发达。⽽与此同
质量论文
栀子花英文时，Amish 对群体的认同性却⼗分强。Amish ⼈很少和他们宗派以外的⼈通婚。其宗教，作为Mennonite 信仰的⼀种，提供了维护秩序的主要机制。
相反，⼤众⽂化是包含不同种族的⼤群体，通常⾼度个性化⽽且不断在变化。⼈际关系冷漠，劳动分⼯明确，由此产⽣了许多专门的职业。世俗的控制机构，⽐如警察和军队，取代了宗教和家庭来维持秩序，⽽且实⾏的是货币经济。由于存在着这些差异，"⼤众的"与"民间的"可谓⼤相径庭。在⼯业化国家以及许多发展中国家⾥，⼤众⽂化正在取代民间⽂化。民间制造的物品正让位于⼤众化产品，这通常是因为⼤众化的物品制造起来更快、更便宜，⽤起来更容易、更⽅便或者是能给其所有者带来更多的威望。弥诺陶洛斯
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