1、Acknowledging that a more extreme flood or drought can occur than has actually been measured or obrved in a few recent time periods,the historical measurements of stream flows are accepted as the best available forecasts of stream flow supplies for water conrvation developments.
如果认为有一场比在最近一段时间内实际测量或观察到的更为极端的洪水或干旱发生，水流的历史测量值被认为是为补给蓄水发展的最有可能的预测。草字头西早念什么
2、The foundation,including abutments,should be of rock or consolidated materials sufficiently strong to support the structure and they must be watertight or so nearly so that excess leakage can be prevented by aling any cracks or fissures in the foundation with a grouting material or closing the leakage paths by placing a blanket of impervious material in the rervoir area upstream from the dam site.
地基包括坝肩，是由岩石或坚固的材料构成，足以承受结构的荷载，并且必须防水，或者能通过灌浆材料封堵地基中的裂缝或裂隙，或在坝址上游库区铺一层不透水材料来封闭渗漏通道，从而防止过量的渗漏，做到接近防水。
3、An adjustment of capacity of a storage rervoir may prove to be necessary;this,or any new design data may disclo the need of changing the axis location of the dam even though the rervoir site rem
ain the same.
对水库的储水量调整可能是必要的，或者说，即使水库地址没变，依据新的设计数据，有必要对坝轴线位置进行调整。
4、Consideration will also have been given to whether one site,or t of sites,would have important and possibly overriding advantages or disadvantages to the next-best available alternative from environmental impact standpoints.
从环境影响的立场，我们也必须考虑到，是否一个坝址或一系列坝址，有比仅次于最好的可选坝址有更重要的和可能首要的利弊。
5、The agricultural soil survey maps and reports are surficial and intended for agricultural interests.The maps and reports are of value to the engineer becau such items as soil profile descriptions,ground surface conditions,natural vegetation,drainage,meteorological data,flood danger,and similar data are included.
农业土壤勘测地图和报告是粗浅的、供农业利益服务的。这些地图和报告对工程师来说是有价值的，因为这些条款如：土壤剖面描绘、地表条件、天然植被、排水系统、气象数据、洪灾，和其它类似信息都包含在内。
6、At this stage of investigation,field studies,including geologic mapping or the checking of existing geologic maps,should be completed for the more promising areas.Limited sampling of lected areas and preliminary testing will provide more reliable data on the area.New estimates of the volume of material available in the area should be bad on the additional data collected since the initial reconnaissance.
在这个调研阶段，现场研究，包括绘地质图或校核现有地质图，应该针对更合适的区域完成。所选区域的有限的取样和初步的测试，将提供该地区更可靠的数据。对该地区材料储量的新的评估，应该建立在自最初勘测以来，收集的附加数据的基础之上。
7、The most significant geologic hazards include landslides,earthquakes,land subsidence, leakage through points or erodible formations and the prence in critical locations of liquefiable diments.The ca histories of dam and rervoir failures include reviews of catastrophes attributable to each of the hazards.
最严重的地质危险包括滑坡、地震、大地沉降、通过某些点或易受侵蚀的岩层的渗漏，以及麦当劳海报
在关键位置的易液化沉积物的存在。大坝和水库失事的案例历史，包括可归因于每次危害的灾难评论。
铅笔画眼睛8、A sufficient preliminary investigation should include a canvass of the literature for reports, maps,and photos,a reconnaissance of the project area to detect geologic conditions which could affect project feasibility,the geologic mapping of the dam and rervoir site,as well as the location of sources of construction materials.
一个充分的初步调查应该包括：文献报告的详细调查，地图和现场照片，可以影响项目可行性的项目区域地质条件勘察，大坝和水库选址的地质图还有建筑材料来源的位置
布娃娃9、However,there are certain general similarities which permit prentation of types of designs, for example,the earth dam can be further classified into three basic types according to the location of impervious zone:homogeneous dam,central core dam,inclined core dam.
然而，有某些一般的类似性，这些类似性规定了所设计坝型的表现形式，例如，根据防渗区的位置，土坝可以进一步分为三种基本形式：均质坝、心墙坝、斜墙坝。魔芋做法
10、Seepage through the dam,foundation and abutment must not exert excessive forces which will result in instability of the dam or abutments while piping,if not controlled,will eventually result in the relea of the pool
陡峭的近义词是什么
通过坝体、地基和坝肩的渗流不应该产生过度的渗透压力，当发生管涌时，那会导致坝体或坝肩的失稳，如果不被控制，最终将导致水库的宣泄
11、The top of the dam must be high enough to allow for ttlement of the dam and foundation and also to provide sufficient freeboard to prevent waves from a maximum pool from overtopping the dam;
考虑到大坝和地基的沉降，也为了提供足够的安全超高来防止最大库容时的水浪发生漫坝，坝顶必须足够高。
12、The upstream dry rubble masonry or placed-rock zone is no longer ud.The upstream slopes are constructed at or about the normal angle of repo of the rock,and a compacted bedding layer of small rock is placed on the upstream face to support the facing.
上游干性毛石圬工或干砌块石区已不再采用。上游坡度按照岩石休止法向角施工，而且在上游面放置一层小石夯实垫层以支撑面板。
13、The concrete facing was slip formed in panels12.2m wide with horizontal contraction joints except near the periphery where intermediate vertical joints,terminating in horizontal contraction joint
s,were introduced to control cracking of the slab in zones where horizontal tensile strains were expected.
混凝土面板采用滑模施工，面板宽度为12.2m，设有水平收缩缝，在周边缝附近不设水平伸缩缝，而设置延伸至水平伸缩缝为止的中间垂直缝，以控制可能出现水平拉应变的区域内的面板开裂。年终奖扣税计算
14、Concrete Properties.The concrete properties which must be accurately determined include compressive,tensile,and shear strength;the instantaneous and sustained modulus of elasticity; Poisson's ratio;and coefficient of thermal expansion,thermal conductivity,specific heat,and diffusivity.The properties are determined by laboratory tests of the design concrete mix.
混凝土特性。必须精确确定的混凝土特性包括：抗压、抗拉和抗剪强度、瞬时和长期弹性模量、泊松比、热膨胀系数、热传导系数、比热以及扩散系数。这些特性指标都是在实验室对混凝土拌合物进行测试得出。
15、The factor of safety against sliding on any plane of weakness within the foundation is also assd using the shear-friction and its value should be not less than4.0,2.7and1.3for the Usual,
Unusual,and Extreme Loading Combinations,respectively.
地基内软弱面上抗滑稳定分析，也采用抗剪断安全系数来评价。对于正常组合、非正常组合及特殊组合，其值分别不应小于为4.0、2.7和1.3。
16、The primary objective in making a layout for an arch dam at a particular site is to determine the arches which will fit the topographic and geologic conditions most advantageously,provide for the installation of adequate facilities for rervoir operation,and distribute the load with the most economical u of materials within stress limitations.
为一特定位置的拱坝做布置的主要目的是：确定适合该地区的地形和地质条件的最优拱形，为水库运行的合适设备安装做准备，在应力极限范围内最经济地使用材料的条件下，分配荷载。
红酒放了6年还能喝吗17、To produce a satisfactory design,the engineer conceives and constructs a design layout,makes
a stress analysis for the design,reviews the results to determine appropriate changes in the design shape which will improve the stress distributions,and draws a new design layout incorporating the changes.
为完成一个令人满意的设计，工程师构思并拟定一个设计布置方案，对该设计进行应力分析，评价结果，以确定对设计外形进行适当的改变，来改善应力分布，并画出改变后的新的设计布置图。
18.The method provide a direct method of calculating stress at any point within the boundaries of a gravity dam,and the results are substantially correct,except for horizontal planes near the ba of the dam where the foundation yielding affects the stress distributions.
这种方法可直接计算出重力坝横断面边缘范围内任意点的应力，并且有足够的准确性，除了在靠近坝基的水平面上，因为地基的沉陷影响了该处的应力分布。
19、Before bodily overturning of a gravity dam can take place,other failures may occur such as crushing of the toe material and craking of the upstream material with accompanying increas in uplift pressure and reduction of the shear resistance.
因为在重力坝整体倾覆能发生之前，其它的破坏可能发生，如：随着扬压力的增加和抵抗剪力的降低，坝址材料的压碎和上游材料的开裂。
20、Becau of their oscillatory nature,earthquake forces are not considered as contributing to the overturning tendency.A factor of safety for overturning may be calculated if desired by dividing the total resisting moments by the total moments tending to cau overturning about the downstream toe.
由于地震振动的特性，地震荷载不作为导致大坝倾覆趋势的因素来考虑，理想情况下，抗倾覆安全系数可以按如下方法计算：即以下游坝趾为转轴，总的阻滑力矩除以引起倾覆的总力矩。
