雅思（阅读）模拟试卷92 分手词语(题后含答案及解析)
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You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are bad on Reading Passage 1 below. The construction of roads and bridgesRoadsAlthough there were highway links in Mesopotamia from as early as 3500 BC, the Romans were probably the first road-builders with fixed engineering standards. At the peak of the Roman Empire in the first century ad, Rome had road connections totalling about 85,000 kilometres.Roman roads were constructed with a deep stone surface for stability and load-bearing. They had straight alignments and therefore were often hilly. The Roman roads remained the main arteries of European transport for many centuries, and even today many roads follow the Roman routes. New roads were generally of inferior quality, and the achievements of Roman builders were largely unsurpasd until the resurgence of road-building in the eighteenth century.With hor-drawn coaches in mind, eighteenth-century engineers preferred to curve their roads to avoid hills. The road surface was regarded as merely a fac
e to absorb wear, the load-bearing strength being obtained from a properly prepared and well-drained foundation. Immediately above this, the Scottish engineer John McAdam(1756-1836)typically laid crushed stone, to which stone dust mixed with water was added, and which was compacted to a thickness of just five centimetres, and then rolled. McAdam’幼儿园睡前故事s surface layer—hot tar onto which a layer of stone chips was laid—became known as ‘tarmacadam’无线广播系统, or tarmac. Roads of this kind were known as flexible pavements.By the early nineteenth century—the start of the railway age—men such as John McAdam and Thomas Telford had created a British road network totalling some 200,000 kilometres, of which about one sixth was privately owned toll roads called turnpikes. In the first half of the nineteenth century, many roads in the US were built to the new standards, of which the National Pike from West Virginia to Illinois was perhaps the most notable.In the twentieth century, the ever-increasing u of motor vehicles threatened to break up roads built to nineteenth-century standards, so new techniques had to be developed.On routes with heavy traffic, flexible pavements were replaced by rigid pavements, in which the top layer was concrete, 15 to 30 centimetres thick, laid on a
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prepared bed. Nowadays steel bars are laid within the concrete. This not only restrains shrinkage during tting, but also reduces expansion in warm weather. As a result, it is possible to lay long slabs without danger of cracking.The demands of heavy traffic led to the concept of high-speed, long-distance roads, with access—or slip-lanes—spaced widely apart. The US Bronx River Parkway of 1925 was followed by veral variants—Germany’s autobahns and the Pan American Highway. Such roads—especially the intercity autobahns with their parate multi-lane carriageways for each direction—were the predecessors of today’s motorways.BridgesThe development by the Romans of the arched bridge marked the beginning of scientific bridge-building; hitherto, bridges had generally been crossings in the form of felled trees or flat stone blocks. Absorbing the load by compression, arched bridges are very strong. Most were built of stone, but brick and timber were also ud. A fine early example is at Alcantara in Spain, built of granite by the Romans in AD 105 to span the River Tagus. In modern times, metal and concrete arched bridges have been constructed. The first significant metal bridge, built of cast iron in 1779, still stands at Ironbridge in England.Steel, with its superior strength-to-weight rati
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o, soon replaced iron in metal bridge-work. In the railway age, the truss(or girder)bridge became popular. Built of wood or metal, the truss beam consists of upper and lower horizontal booms joined by vertical or inclined members.The suspension bridge has a deck supported by suspenders that drop from one or more overhead cables. It requires strong anchorage at each end to resist the inward tension of the cables, and the deck is strengthened to control distortion by moving loads or high winds. Such bridges are nevertheless light, and therefore the most suitable for very long spans. The Clifton Suspension Bridge in the UK, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunei(1806-1859)to span the Avon Gorge in England, is famous both for its beautiful tting and for its elegant design. The 1998 Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan has a span of 1,991 metres, which is the longest to date.Cantilever bridges, such as the 1889 Forth Rail Bridge in Scotland, exploit the potential of steel construction to produce a wide clearwater space. The spans have a central supporting pier and meet midstream. The downward thrust, where the spans meet, is countered by firm anchorage of the spans at their other ends. Although the suspension bridge can span a wider gap, the cantilever is relatively stable, and this w桂花茶怎么制作
as important for nineteenth-century railway builders. The world’s longest cantilever span— 549 metres—is that of the Quebec rail bridge in Canada, constructed in 1918.Questions 1-3Label the diagram below.Choo NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
